Longevity Wiki - User contributions [en-GB]

Longevity Wiki

2026-01-19T09:40:44Z

Bogdan:

Handbook:Handbook

2025-04-22T19:09:29Z

Bogdan: /* Available Roles and Projects for the Wiki */

== About the Handbook==
The Longevity Wiki Handbook is the 'source of truth' for the Wiki organisation. It currently contains our mission and strategy, the roles we are looking for, links to our communication platforms and some editing advice. Like the Wiki itself, it's all publicly accessible and transparent and will likely grow and change over time.
== Mission==
Longevity Wiki is an open-access project to create the go-to platform for the science of longevity. The wiki was borne from the need for high quality scientific content on aging and longevity to be freely available and accessible. The Wiki ultimately aims to cover the following topics in detail:

*Longevity drugs and the evidence supporting them
*Personal longevity strategies/advice
*Hallmarks of aging/biology of aging
*Animal models of aging
*Laboratories working in geroscience, and their focus
*Longevity biotech (companies, development pipeline)
*Biology of aging + diseases of aging connection

More information about us can be found on our [[About]] page.

==Strategy==
Instead of producing as much content as possible, we’re going to focus on creating 5 pillar articles written by experts on the topic. These articles will demonstrate the knowledge and quality of our initiative, and then we will build out the wiki from there. These are the pillar articles:

#'''Epigenetic reprogramming'''
#'''Aging and Neurodegeneration'''
#'''Rapamycin'''
#'''Biomarkers of healthspan'''
#'''COVID-19 and Aging'''

In conjunction with these articles, we are going to create a Glossary page of key terms in the longevity space, along with a short (2-3 sentence definition).

==How to edit the Wiki==
All articles, no matter what categories they are tagged with, are found on the [[Special:AllPages|All Pages]] site.

===Let us know first===
If you want to edit the wiki, please [[Contact|contact us]] first, so we can help you get started.

===MediaWiki===
Longevity Wiki uses the [[mediawikiwiki:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] platform - the same as Wikipedia. This is the software that makes it possible to store all content, edit articles, track changes and more.
[[File:Account menu.png|thumb|100x100px|The Account menu]]

===Create an account ===
If you want to edit the wiki, it's a good idea to create an account first. That way it's easier to keep track of your work and you get some extra functionality. To create an account, in the menu click the Account icon on the right (the 'little person') and click '''Create account''' and follow the instructions. Creating an account is not mandatory however for editing.
[[File:Contribute menu.png|thumb|198x198px|The Contribute menu]]

===Create a page===
To create a new article on the wiki, go to the menu and click '''Contribute''' and then '''Create new page'''. You will then be prompted to select a title for your article. After that, the Edit toolbar appears at the top and you can start writing. The Edit toolbar provides you with standard edit functions like making headings, bold text, insert links, insert images and much more.

[[File:Editor Options Menu.png|thumb|198x198px|Editor Options Menu]]

The articles are categorized into four kinds, each with an associated category that should be added by using the '''Categories''' Option in the menu within the editor. (See "Editor Options Menu")

*'''Pillar Articles:''' Described in the [[Handbook:Handbook#Strategy|Strategy]] section, need expert knowledge equivalent to having a post-grad (MSc, Ph.D., MD) in a related area, currently managed by the core group. (Category: Pillar Articles)
*'''Longevity Articles:''' All articles about longevity, traditional wiki development and open for everyone to contribute. Should be created as draft first and reviewed by others in the community. (Category: Longevity)
*'''Glossary:''' Key terms in the longevity space, along with a short 2-3 sentence definition, no draft necessary. (Category: Glossary)
*'''Drafts:''' Articles that haven't been reviewed yet and finalized to a certain stage. (Category: Drafts)
These articles are all shown on the website on the [[Articles]] page.

====Drafts====
When creating a new page, the [[Template:Draft-article|Draft Article banner template]] should be added to beginning of article via <nowiki>{{ Draft-article }}</nowiki> (without spaces), automatically adding a banner and the "Drafts" category.

Drafts will not be actively mantained, but the core team might ask authors sometimes if they are still working on the article. The process for now is simple: Write a draft, have others in the community review it, finalise it and remove the draft banner '''(Work in Progress)'''.

For the review process we encourage to use our Discord server and write comments with the comments feature of the editor; text that is written in the editor but not shown on the published page.

===Edit a page===
To edit an existing article, lookup the article, go to the menu and click '''Contribute''' and then (under 'This page...') click '''Edit'''. Then the Edit toolbar will open at the top, and you can start writing.
[[File:Text editor.png|none|thumb|732x732px|The '''Edit''' toolbar]]

===Images===
Often it's a good idea to include images in your article. Just make sure that if you use an image of someone else, you are not violating any copyright. In general, you are free to use images with a [https://creativecommons.org/ Creative Commons] license, but don't forget to use the right [https://creativecommons.org/use-remix/ attribution]. If you need help creating an image yourself, let us know in the Images channel on our [https://discord.gg/jBR5aRcpfV Discord Server], and we can help you create a unique and copyright-free image.

===Referencing===
For referencing to external sources (e.g. a journal article), Longevity Wiki uses the [[wikipedia:APA_style|APA referencing style]] - the same as Wikipedia. To create a reference, click '''Cite''' on the Edit toolbar. There are a few useful resources for creating citations, such as [https://zbib.org/ Zoterobib].

===Writing style===
The aim of the Wiki is to create '''comprehensive''', '''scientifically accurate''' and '''accessible''' content on longevity. The writing style we are aiming for is essentially the same as Wikipedia, in balancing technical and non-technical content. Here is our '''[[Writing tips for easy reading|writing guide]]''' to help you get started. More information on Wikipedia's writing style can be found in [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style|Wikipedia's Manual of Style]].

===Translating an existing article===
[[File:Source code view.png|thumb|199x199px|Select Source editing to copy an article with formatting and references]]
To translate an existing article, create a new page in the language version of the wiki you want to translate the article into. For more guidance, ask us in the multilingual-wiki channel on our [https://discord.gg/jBR5aRcpfV Discord Server].

To carry over formatting and references, copy the source code of the original article sections you want to translate into the new page using '''Source editing''' view in the toolbar.

Translate the article using our writing guide, aim to preserve the article's '''meaning''' and '''accuracy.''' The preferred translation tool for a first draft is [https://www.deepl.com/translator DeepL].

==Contact information==
See our [[Contact]] page.

How to contribute

2025-04-22T19:08:13Z

Bogdan:

Here are a number of ways to contribute to Longevity Wiki.

== Writing content ==
First and foremost we need '''content writers'''. So if you have anything interesting to share on longevity, you are more than welcome to join us. For an overview of the articles currently under development, see the [[Drafts]] page.

The following '''8 writing tips''' will help you get started editing or creating content immediately:

=== Edit an existing page ===
To edit an existing page on the Wiki, first navigate to that page on the [[Articles]] page or by using the search bar. Then, click ‘Contribute’ on the menu bar and then ‘Edit’ under ''This page''. Now you can start editing.

=== Create a new page ===
To create a new page, click ‘Contribute’ on the menu bar, then click [[Special:CreatePage|‘Create new page’.]] You will then be prompted to enter the title of the page. Choose an appropriate title that is descriptive and concise and click ‘Submit’. You can then use the visual editor to write content on the page.

=== Create a stub ===
If creating an entire article on a subject seems too much work or too complicated, instead you can also create a 'stub'. A stub is a short article in need of expansion (say just a few lines and a reference). If you refer to a journal article in your stub, you could maybe ask the authors of that journal article to expand the Wiki stub into a full Wiki article. Here's an [[Limb regeneration|example of a stub]].

To create a stub, first create a new page, then from the Insert menu select 'Template', type in 'stub' and click the 'Add template' button and click Insert.

=== Choose a category ===
To add an article to an existing category, first enter the editing mode. Category selector is under the "hamburger" (three horizontal lines) menu that appears visible when editing. Then click on "Categories" and type on the search bar your chosen category (eg: Drafts, Stub, Drugs, Longevity...). You can see the list of all existing categories here: [[Special:Categories|https://en.longevitywiki.org/wiki/Special:Categories]]

=== Adopt an easy to understand, scientifically accurate tone ===
The goal of the Wiki is to make scientific content about aging and longevity as accessible and comprehensive as possible. Therefore the content should be clear enough that non-scientists can understand most of the content, much like for Wikipedia. Where possible, writers should opt for simple sentences. For an example, see our article on [[Rapamycin]] to get a feel for the style of the Wiki.

=== Scientific references where available ===
The goal of the Wiki is to create scientifically accurate content. We encourage the use of primary scientific literature wherever possible. If citing non-scientific information, other references such as government reports, or credible websites are acceptable. Furthermore, the Wiki uses APA referencing style. For examples, see this Wikipedia article about [[wikipedia:APA_style|APA referencing]].

=== Add images and diagrams to your article ===
Add images and diagrams where appropriate to convey complex ideas, or portray relevant visual information. ‘A picture is worth a thousand words’, as they say. Since Longevity Wiki is a non-profit educational organisation, we are generally covered for using images on the internet under ‘fair use’. This means you can add any images on the internet to your Wiki entry, provided the original reference is cited.

=== Join the Longevity Wiki Discord server for quick answers ===
If you have any further questions, consider joining our [https://discord.gg/jBR5aRcpfV Discord Server], which is the primary platform for communication for this project. General questions about the Wiki can be posted in the ‘general’ channel, and specific questions about editing the Wiki can be posted in the ‘content-writers’ channel.

=== Create an account for faster editing ===
To better keep track of your work, and to get extra functionality, [[Special:CreateAccount|create an account]]. Note that you are able to edit or add content to the Wiki without creating an account, though this requires completing a ReCAPTCHA to save your work

== More information ==
If you want to help out, great! Please [[contact]] us to discuss what you can do, or fill out our [https://forms.gle/P1huKGcDiPLnRAB17 Volunteer Survey Form] and we get back to you. More information about specific roles, the Wiki organization or editing tips can be found in our [[Handbook:Handbook|Handbook]].

How to contribute

2025-04-22T19:07:49Z

Bogdan: /* Donate */

Here are a number of ways to contribute to Longevity Wiki.

== Writing content ==
First and foremost we need '''content writers'''. So if you have anything interesting to share on longevity, you are more than welcome to join us. For an overview of the articles currently under development, see the [[Drafts]] page.

The following '''8 writing tips''' will help you get started editing or creating content immediately:

=== Edit an existing page ===
To edit an existing page on the Wiki, first navigate to that page on the [[Articles]] page or by using the search bar. Then, click ‘Contribute’ on the menu bar and then ‘Edit’ under ''This page''. Now you can start editing.

=== Create a new page ===
To create a new page, click ‘Contribute’ on the menu bar, then click [[Special:CreatePage|‘Create new page’.]] You will then be prompted to enter the title of the page. Choose an appropriate title that is descriptive and concise and click ‘Submit’. You can then use the visual editor to write content on the page.

=== Create a stub ===
If creating an entire article on a subject seems too much work or too complicated, instead you can also create a 'stub'. A stub is a short article in need of expansion (say just a few lines and a reference). If you refer to a journal article in your stub, you could maybe ask the authors of that journal article to expand the Wiki stub into a full Wiki article. Here's an [[Limb regeneration|example of a stub]].

To create a stub, first create a new page, then from the Insert menu select 'Template', type in 'stub' and click the 'Add template' button and click Insert.

=== Choose a category ===
To add an article to an existing category, first enter the editing mode. Category selector is under the "hamburger" (three horizontal lines) menu that appears visible when editing. Then click on "Categories" and type on the search bar your chosen category (eg: Drafts, Stub, Drugs, Longevity...). You can see the list of all existing categories here: [[Special:Categories|https://en.longevitywiki.org/wiki/Special:Categories]]

=== Adopt an easy to understand, scientifically accurate tone ===
The goal of the Wiki is to make scientific content about aging and longevity as accessible and comprehensive as possible. Therefore the content should be clear enough that non-scientists can understand most of the content, much like for Wikipedia. Where possible, writers should opt for simple sentences. For an example, see our article on [[Rapamycin]] to get a feel for the style of the Wiki.

=== Scientific references where available ===
The goal of the Wiki is to create scientifically accurate content. We encourage the use of primary scientific literature wherever possible. If citing non-scientific information, other references such as government reports, or credible websites are acceptable. Furthermore, the Wiki uses APA referencing style. For examples, see this Wikipedia article about [[wikipedia:APA_style|APA referencing]].

=== Add images and diagrams to your article ===
Add images and diagrams where appropriate to convey complex ideas, or portray relevant visual information. ‘A picture is worth a thousand words’, as they say. Since Longevity Wiki is a non-profit educational organisation, we are generally covered for using images on the internet under ‘fair use’. This means you can add any images on the internet to your Wiki entry, provided the original reference is cited.

=== Join the Longevity Wiki Discord server for quick answers ===
If you have any further questions, consider joining our [https://discord.gg/jBR5aRcpfV Discord Server], which is the primary platform for communication for this project. General questions about the Wiki can be posted in the ‘general’ channel, and specific questions about editing the Wiki can be posted in the ‘content-writers’ channel.

=== Create an account for faster editing ===
To better keep track of your work, and to get extra functionality, [[Special:CreateAccount|create an account]]. Note that you are able to edit or add content to the Wiki without creating an account, though this requires completing a ReCAPTCHA to save your work.

== Other roles ==
Besides writing, we could also use help in the following areas:

* Software engineering
* Marketing
* UX and graphic design
* Translations
*Community manager
*Social media manager

== More information ==
If you want to help out, great! Please [[contact]] us to discuss what you can do, or fill out our [https://forms.gle/P1huKGcDiPLnRAB17 Volunteer Survey Form] and we get back to you. More information about specific roles, the Wiki organization or editing tips can be found in our [[Handbook:Handbook|Handbook]].

Longevity Wiki

2025-04-22T19:07:25Z

Bogdan:

Longevity Wiki

2025-04-22T19:06:51Z

Bogdan:

Longevity Wiki

2025-04-22T19:06:12Z

Bogdan:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Longevity Wiki}}
What is aging? Can we cure age-related diseases? Is it possible to eliminate the suffering we all experience as we grow older? Can we live longer, without declining health? On this Wiki you’ll find the '''latest scientific findings on longevity'''. Our aim is to be an accessible, objective and unbiased source of information for this exciting new field.

<div class="container my-5">
<div class="row"><div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Science.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Science based'''</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Padlock.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Open access'''</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Idea.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Understandable'''</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

=== Get a taste of our content... ===
Have a look at our article about [[Rapamycin]]'','' a potential longevity drug. Or, check out our complete [[Articles|list of articles]]. We also have a [[FAQ|Longevity FAQ]] which covers the 20+ most common questions about longevity biotechnology.

<div class="container highlight>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
=== Fundamentals ===
<dpl>
category=Fundamentals
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Fundamentals|More]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
=== Drugs ===
<dpl>
category=Drugs
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Drugs|More]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
=== 'Longevity genes' ===
<dpl>
category=Longevity genes
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Longevity_genes|More]]
</div>
</div></div>

=== Partnerships ===

<div class="container highlight>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
[[File:Vector-Foresight-Logo-dark-blue.svg|frameless|225px|alt=Foresight's Institute Logo|link=https://foresight.org/ext/ForesightTechTree]]<br/>
[https://foresight.org/ext/ForesightTechTree Foresight's Institute Longevity Tech Tree]
</div>
</div></div>

=== Want to help out? ===
If you wish to contribute to the content, or in another way, you're more than welcome to learn how you can [[How_to_contribute|contribute]]. You can also [https://gitcoin.co/grants/3936/longevity-wiki financially support] the Wiki through the open-source platform Gitcoin.

[[About|About us]] | [[Contact|Contact us]]
__NOTOC__

Articles

2024-10-06T11:09:10Z

Bogdan:

== Browse by category ==

{{Special:AllPages|namespace=14}}

== Browse by article name ==


<dpl>
category=Pillar Articles|Longevity|Glossary|Main list
includesubpages=false
mode=category
ordermethod=titlewithoutnamespace
</dpl>

About

2024-08-28T20:17:53Z

Bogdan: /* Who is involved? */

== What is Longevity Wiki? ==
Longevity Wiki is the world’s first open access longevity education platform. It is a global non-profit Wiki created to democratise information on research efforts in aging biology. The Wiki 'officially' went live 15 December 2021.

== What is its purpose? ==
Longevity Wiki exists to bridge the knowledge gap between doctors, scientists and the public with aging biology research.

Aging is the largest cause of death and suffering worldwide, accounting for more than 70% of deaths globally. However, there is widespread lack of understanding about biological aging and its critical role in age-related diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's, and cardiovascular disease. This is a bottleneck towards accelerating the rate of geroscience research - a nascent field of medicine that seeks to understand how the underlying biological mechanisms of aging can be targeted to prevent and treat age-related diseases.

Longevity Wiki provides clear, concise information and empowers readers to contribute to this field. Our goal is to progress the longevity field by providing free educational material in the form of informative articles. It should be valuable for both specialists and non-specialists.

== Why a Wiki? ==
The major benefit of using a Wiki is that it allows anybody to [[How to contribute|contribute]]. The longevity field is vast, and having a system that allows users to easily amend and update content is crucial to ensuring the value of the Wiki.

== Why not use Wikipedia? ==
Although Wikipedia is a great source of information on an immense number of topics, its information on longevity science is rather limited. This probably has to do with the fact that the longevity field is still very new and, for some reason or another, considered by some still as controversial. With Longevity Wiki we like to provide a platform that's more open to new ideas in this field, but still honour the same ideals as Wikipedia like taking an objective, neutral and unbiased point of view. In the future, when the longevity field becomes more mainstream, a separate Wiki might not be necessary anymore.

== Who is involved? ==
Longevity Wiki is an open-access project and anyone can contribute. Here are some of the key team members who are still contributing or contributed considerably in the past:

'''Dmitry Dzhagarov'''

Graduated from Moscow State University, MSU Faculty of Biology in 1972; Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from 1981. Senior researcher in Center for Medical Biophysics at Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Tbilisi from 1982 to 1997. ORCID iD 0000-0002-3970-3091. Now retired.

'''Jack Harley'''

Jack Harley is a neuroscientist trained at the University of Oxford. He is the author of the popular article, [https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/RcifQCKkRc9XTjxC2/anti-aging-state-of-the-art Anti-Aging: State of the Art] published on the rationality forum, LessWrong. Jack is the former Vice President of the Oxford Society of Ageing and Longevity and has 10+ years’ experience in for-profit roles in Biotech and non-for-profit roles in the Effective Altruism community.

'''Andrea Del Carmen Fabregat'''

Andrea Del Carmen Fabregat is a neuroscientist and aging researcher with an international education background across the USA, UK, Australia and Spain. She graduated from King's College London and completed a masters degree in Translational Medicine, and is currently a PhD candidate in Systems Biology of Aging.

'''Benjamin Wu'''

Benjamin Wu is an Australian healthcare professional working in primary eye care, serving a predominantly geriatric patient base. He is chiefly interested in the biology of aging, translational medicine, and advancing the geroscience hypothesis. He is currently a PhD candidate in Biology of Aging and Regenerative Medicine.

'''Bogdan Dziewierz'''

Bogdan Dziewierz is software architect and engineer with a specialisation in digital, web and mobile. He has 15+ years experience architecting and building multi-tiered, distributed web and mobile applications.

'''Marc Smeehuijzen'''

Marc Smeehuijzen is a User Experience designer with over 15 years experience in web design and usability. He has worked for a variety of international companies making their technology easier to use.

'''Kenny Potter'''

Kenny Potter is a marketing professional with over 16 years of experience in strategic and digital marketing. Kenny graduated from Northern Kentucky University with a Bachelors Degree in Marketing, completed his MBA at Xavier University with a focus in Marketing, and has a certificate from George Washington University's digital marketing program.
== More information ==
More information about our organization and available roles, can be found in our [[Handbook:Handbook|Handbook]].
== Contact us ==
See our [[Contact]] page.

About

2024-08-28T20:17:08Z

Bogdan: /* Who is involved? */

== What is Longevity Wiki? ==
Longevity Wiki is the world’s first open access longevity education platform. It is a global non-profit Wiki created to democratise information on research efforts in aging biology. The Wiki 'officially' went live 15 December 2021.

== What is its purpose? ==
Longevity Wiki exists to bridge the knowledge gap between doctors, scientists and the public with aging biology research.

Aging is the largest cause of death and suffering worldwide, accounting for more than 70% of deaths globally. However, there is widespread lack of understanding about biological aging and its critical role in age-related diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's, and cardiovascular disease. This is a bottleneck towards accelerating the rate of geroscience research - a nascent field of medicine that seeks to understand how the underlying biological mechanisms of aging can be targeted to prevent and treat age-related diseases.

Longevity Wiki provides clear, concise information and empowers readers to contribute to this field. Our goal is to progress the longevity field by providing free educational material in the form of informative articles. It should be valuable for both specialists and non-specialists.

== Why a Wiki? ==
The major benefit of using a Wiki is that it allows anybody to [[How to contribute|contribute]]. The longevity field is vast, and having a system that allows users to easily amend and update content is crucial to ensuring the value of the Wiki.

== Why not use Wikipedia? ==
Although Wikipedia is a great source of information on an immense number of topics, its information on longevity science is rather limited. This probably has to do with the fact that the longevity field is still very new and, for some reason or another, considered by some still as controversial. With Longevity Wiki we like to provide a platform that's more open to new ideas in this field, but still honour the same ideals as Wikipedia like taking an objective, neutral and unbiased point of view. In the future, when the longevity field becomes more mainstream, a separate Wiki might not be necessary anymore.

== Who is involved? ==
Longevity Wiki is an open-access project and anyone can contribute. Here are some of the key team members who are still contributing or contributed considerably in the past:

'''Jack Harley'''

Jack Harley is a neuroscientist trained at the University of Oxford. He is the author of the popular article, [https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/RcifQCKkRc9XTjxC2/anti-aging-state-of-the-art Anti-Aging: State of the Art] published on the rationality forum, LessWrong. Jack is the former Vice President of the Oxford Society of Ageing and Longevity and has 10+ years’ experience in for-profit roles in Biotech and non-for-profit roles in the Effective Altruism community.

'''Dmitry Dzhagarov'''

Graduated from Moscow State University, MSU Faculty of Biology in 1972; Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from 1981. Senior researcher in Center for Medical Biophysics at Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Tbilisi from 1982 to 1997. ORCID iD 0000-0002-3970-3091. Now retired.

'''Andrea Del Carmen Fabregat'''

Andrea Del Carmen Fabregat is a neuroscientist and aging researcher with an international education background across the USA, UK, Australia and Spain. She graduated from King's College London and completed a masters degree in Translational Medicine, and is currently a PhD candidate in Systems Biology of Aging.

'''Benjamin Wu'''

Benjamin Wu is an Australian healthcare professional working in primary eye care, serving a predominantly geriatric patient base. He is chiefly interested in the biology of aging, translational medicine, and advancing the geroscience hypothesis. He is currently a PhD candidate in Biology of Aging and Regenerative Medicine.

'''Bogdan Dziewierz'''

Bogdan Dziewierz is software architect and engineer with a specialisation in digital, web and mobile. He has 15+ years experience architecting and building multi-tiered, distributed web and mobile applications.

'''Marc Smeehuijzen'''

Marc Smeehuijzen is a User Experience designer with over 15 years experience in web design and usability. He has worked for a variety of international companies making their technology easier to use.

'''Kenny Potter'''

Kenny Potter is a marketing professional with over 16 years of experience in strategic and digital marketing. Kenny graduated from Northern Kentucky University with a Bachelors Degree in Marketing, completed his MBA at Xavier University with a focus in Marketing, and has a certificate from George Washington University's digital marketing program.
== More information ==
More information about our organization and available roles, can be found in our [[Handbook:Handbook|Handbook]].
== Contact us ==
See our [[Contact]] page.

Articles

2024-08-08T11:26:19Z

Bogdan:

Longevity Wiki

2023-09-25T10:31:09Z

Bogdan: Reverted edits by Andrea (talk) to last revision by Bogdan

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Longevity Wiki}}
What is aging? Can we cure age-related diseases? Is it possible to eliminate the suffering we all experience as we grow older? Can we live longer, without declining health? On this Wiki you’ll find the '''latest scientific findings on longevity'''. Our aim is to be an accessible, objective and unbiased source of information for this exciting new field.

<div class="container my-5">
<div class="row"><div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Science.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Science based'''</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Padlock.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Open access'''</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Idea.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Understandable'''</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

=== Get a taste of our content... ===
Have a look at our article about [[Rapamycin]]'','' a potential longevity drug. Or, check out our complete [[Articles|list of articles]]. We also have a [[FAQ|Longevity FAQ]] which covers the 20+ most common questions about longevity biotechnology.

<div class="container highlight>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
=== Fundamentals ===
<dpl>
category=Fundamentals
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Fundamentals|More]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
=== Drugs ===
<dpl>
category=Drugs
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Drugs|More]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
=== 'Longevity genes' ===
<dpl>
category=Longevity genes
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Longevity_genes|More]]
</div>
</div></div>

=== Partnerships ===

<div class="container highlight>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
[[File:Vector-Foresight-Logo-dark-blue.svg|frameless|225px|alt=Foresight's Institute Logo|link=https://foresight.org/ext/ForesightTechTree]]<br/>
[https://foresight.org/ext/ForesightTechTree Foresight's Institute Longevity Tech Tree]
</div>
</div></div>

=== Scientific contributors ===
<div class="container highlight">
<div class="row align-items-center">
<div class="col-sm-4">
[[File:Leon.jpg|thumb|'''Leon Peshkin'''|center]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm-4">
[[File:Matt.jpg|thumb|'''Matt Kaeberlein'''|center]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm-4">
[[File:Dudley.png|thumb|'''Dudley Lamming'''|center]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm-4">
[[File:Valter.jpg|thumb|'''Valter Longo'''|center]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm-4">
[[File:Charles.jpg|thumb|'''Charles Brenner'''|center]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

=== Want to help out? ===
If you wish to contribute to the content, or in another way, you're more than welcome to learn how you can [[How_to_contribute|contribute]]. You can also [https://gitcoin.co/grants/3936/longevity-wiki financially support] the Wiki through the open-source platform Gitcoin.

[[About|About us]] | [[Contact|Contact us]]
__NOTOC__

Longevity Wiki

2023-07-26T18:16:47Z

Bogdan: /* Scientific contributors */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Longevity Wiki}}
What is aging? Can we cure age-related diseases? Is it possible to eliminate the suffering we all experience as we grow older? Can we live longer, without declining health? On this Wiki you’ll find the '''latest scientific findings on longevity'''. Our aim is to be an accessible, objective and unbiased source of information for this exciting new field.

<div class="container my-5">
<div class="row"><div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Science.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Science based'''</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Padlock.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Open access'''</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Idea.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Understandable'''</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

=== Get a taste of our content... ===
Have a look at our article about [[Rapamycin]]'','' a potential longevity drug. Or, check out our complete [[Articles|list of articles]]. We also have a [[FAQ|Longevity FAQ]] which covers the 20+ most common questions about longevity biotechnology.

<div class="container highlight>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
=== Fundamentals ===
<dpl>
category=Fundamentals
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Fundamentals|More]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
=== Drugs ===
<dpl>
category=Drugs
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Drugs|More]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
=== 'Longevity genes' ===
<dpl>
category=Longevity genes
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Longevity_genes|More]]
</div>
</div></div>

=== Partnerships ===

<div class="container highlight>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
[[File:Vector-Foresight-Logo-dark-blue.svg|frameless|225px|alt=Foresight's Institute Logo|link=https://foresight.org/ext/ForesightTechTree]]<br/>
[https://foresight.org/ext/ForesightTechTree Foresight's Institute Longevity Tech Tree]
</div>
</div></div>

=== Scientific contributors ===
<div class="container highlight">
<div class="row align-items-center">
<div class="col-sm-4">
[[File:Leon.jpg|thumb|'''Leon Peshkin'''|center]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm-4">
[[File:Matt.jpg|thumb|'''Matt Kaeberlein'''|center]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm-4">
[[File:Dudley.png|thumb|'''Dudley Lamming'''|center]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm-4">
[[File:Valter.jpg|thumb|'''Valter Longo'''|center]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm-4">
[[File:Charles.jpg|thumb|'''Charles Brenner'''|center]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

=== Want to help out? ===
If you wish to contribute to the content, or in another way, you're more than welcome to learn how you can [[How_to_contribute|contribute]]. You can also [https://gitcoin.co/grants/3936/longevity-wiki financially support] the Wiki through the open-source platform Gitcoin.

[[About|About us]] | [[Contact|Contact us]]
__NOTOC__

Longevity Wiki

2023-07-26T18:15:57Z

Bogdan: /* Scientific contributors */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Longevity Wiki}}
What is aging? Can we cure age-related diseases? Is it possible to eliminate the suffering we all experience as we grow older? Can we live longer, without declining health? On this Wiki you’ll find the '''latest scientific findings on longevity'''. Our aim is to be an accessible, objective and unbiased source of information for this exciting new field.

<div class="container my-5">
<div class="row"><div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Science.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Science based'''</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Padlock.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Open access'''</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Idea.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Understandable'''</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

=== Get a taste of our content... ===
Have a look at our article about [[Rapamycin]]'','' a potential longevity drug. Or, check out our complete [[Articles|list of articles]]. We also have a [[FAQ|Longevity FAQ]] which covers the 20+ most common questions about longevity biotechnology.

<div class="container highlight>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
=== Fundamentals ===
<dpl>
category=Fundamentals
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Fundamentals|More]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
=== Drugs ===
<dpl>
category=Drugs
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Drugs|More]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
=== 'Longevity genes' ===
<dpl>
category=Longevity genes
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Longevity_genes|More]]
</div>
</div></div>

=== Partnerships ===

<div class="container highlight>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
[[File:Vector-Foresight-Logo-dark-blue.svg|frameless|225px|alt=Foresight's Institute Logo|link=https://foresight.org/ext/ForesightTechTree]]<br/>
[https://foresight.org/ext/ForesightTechTree Foresight's Institute Longevity Tech Tree]
</div>
</div></div>

=== Scientific contributors ===
<div class="container highlight">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-4">
[[File:Leon.jpg|thumb|'''Leon Peshkin'''|center]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm-4">
[[File:Matt.jpg|thumb|'''Matt Kaeberlein'''|center]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm-4">
[[File:Dudley.png|thumb|'''Dudley Lamming'''|center]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm-4">
[[File:Valter.jpg|thumb|'''Valter Longo'''|center]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm-4">
[[File:Charles.jpg|thumb|'''Charles Brenner'''|center]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

=== Want to help out? ===
If you wish to contribute to the content, or in another way, you're more than welcome to learn how you can [[How_to_contribute|contribute]]. You can also [https://gitcoin.co/grants/3936/longevity-wiki financially support] the Wiki through the open-source platform Gitcoin.

[[About|About us]] | [[Contact|Contact us]]
__NOTOC__

Longevity Wiki

2023-07-26T18:14:05Z

Bogdan: /* Scientific contributors */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Longevity Wiki}}
What is aging? Can we cure age-related diseases? Is it possible to eliminate the suffering we all experience as we grow older? Can we live longer, without declining health? On this Wiki you’ll find the '''latest scientific findings on longevity'''. Our aim is to be an accessible, objective and unbiased source of information for this exciting new field.

<div class="container my-5">
<div class="row"><div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Science.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Science based'''</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Padlock.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Open access'''</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Idea.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Understandable'''</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

=== Get a taste of our content... ===
Have a look at our article about [[Rapamycin]]'','' a potential longevity drug. Or, check out our complete [[Articles|list of articles]]. We also have a [[FAQ|Longevity FAQ]] which covers the 20+ most common questions about longevity biotechnology.

<div class="container highlight>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
=== Fundamentals ===
<dpl>
category=Fundamentals
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Fundamentals|More]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
=== Drugs ===
<dpl>
category=Drugs
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Drugs|More]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
=== 'Longevity genes' ===
<dpl>
category=Longevity genes
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Longevity_genes|More]]
</div>
</div></div>

=== Partnerships ===

<div class="container highlight>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
[[File:Vector-Foresight-Logo-dark-blue.svg|frameless|225px|alt=Foresight's Institute Logo|link=https://foresight.org/ext/ForesightTechTree]]<br/>
[https://foresight.org/ext/ForesightTechTree Foresight's Institute Longevity Tech Tree]
</div>
</div></div>

=== Scientific contributors ===
<div class="container highlight">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
[[File:Leon.jpg|thumb|'''Leon Peshkin'''|center]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
[[File:Matt.jpg|thumb|'''Matt Kaeberlein'''|center]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
[[File:Dudley.png|thumb|'''Dudley Lamming'''|center]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
[[File:Valter.jpg|thumb|'''Valter Longo'''|center]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
[[File:Charles.jpg|thumb|'''Charles Brenner'''|center]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

=== Want to help out? ===
If you wish to contribute to the content, or in another way, you're more than welcome to learn how you can [[How_to_contribute|contribute]]. You can also [https://gitcoin.co/grants/3936/longevity-wiki financially support] the Wiki through the open-source platform Gitcoin.

[[About|About us]] | [[Contact|Contact us]]
__NOTOC__

Longevity Wiki

2023-07-26T18:13:23Z

Bogdan:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Longevity Wiki}}
What is aging? Can we cure age-related diseases? Is it possible to eliminate the suffering we all experience as we grow older? Can we live longer, without declining health? On this Wiki you’ll find the '''latest scientific findings on longevity'''. Our aim is to be an accessible, objective and unbiased source of information for this exciting new field.

<div class="container my-5">
<div class="row"><div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Science.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Science based'''</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Padlock.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Open access'''</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Idea.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Understandable'''</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

=== Get a taste of our content... ===
Have a look at our article about [[Rapamycin]]'','' a potential longevity drug. Or, check out our complete [[Articles|list of articles]]. We also have a [[FAQ|Longevity FAQ]] which covers the 20+ most common questions about longevity biotechnology.

<div class="container highlight>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
=== Fundamentals ===
<dpl>
category=Fundamentals
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Fundamentals|More]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
=== Drugs ===
<dpl>
category=Drugs
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Drugs|More]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
=== 'Longevity genes' ===
<dpl>
category=Longevity genes
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Longevity_genes|More]]
</div>
</div></div>

=== Partnerships ===

<div class="container highlight>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
[[File:Vector-Foresight-Logo-dark-blue.svg|frameless|225px|alt=Foresight's Institute Logo|link=https://foresight.org/ext/ForesightTechTree]]<br/>
[https://foresight.org/ext/ForesightTechTree Foresight's Institute Longevity Tech Tree]
</div>
</div></div>

=== Scientific contributors ===
<div class="container highlight">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
[[File:Leon.jpg|thumb|'''Leon Peshkin''']]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
[[File:Matt.jpg|thumb|'''Matt Kaeberlein''']]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
[[File:Dudley.png|thumb|'''Dudley Lamming''']]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
[[File:Valter.jpg|thumb|'''Valter Longo''']]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
[[File:Charles.jpg|thumb|'''Charles Brenner''']]
</div>
</div>
</div>

=== Want to help out? ===
If you wish to contribute to the content, or in another way, you're more than welcome to learn how you can [[How_to_contribute|contribute]]. You can also [https://gitcoin.co/grants/3936/longevity-wiki financially support] the Wiki through the open-source platform Gitcoin.

[[About|About us]] | [[Contact|Contact us]]
__NOTOC__

Longevity Wiki

2023-07-26T18:10:35Z

Bogdan: /* Scientific contributors */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Longevity Wiki}}
What is aging? Can we cure age-related diseases? Is it possible to eliminate the suffering we all experience as we grow older? Can we live longer, without declining health? On this Wiki you’ll find the '''latest scientific findings on longevity'''. Our aim is to be an accessible, objective and unbiased source of information for this exciting new field.

<div class="container my-5">
<div class="row"><div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Science.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Science based'''</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Padlock.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Open access'''</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Idea.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Understandable'''</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

=== Get a taste of our content... ===
Have a look at our article about [[Rapamycin]]'','' a potential longevity drug. Or, check out our complete [[Articles|list of articles]]. We also have a [[FAQ|Longevity FAQ]] which covers the 20+ most common questions about longevity biotechnology.

<div class="container highlight>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
=== Fundamentals ===
<dpl>
category=Fundamentals
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Fundamentals|More]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
=== Drugs ===
<dpl>
category=Drugs
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Drugs|More]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
=== 'Longevity genes' ===
<dpl>
category=Longevity genes
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Longevity_genes|More]]
</div>
</div></div>

=== Partnerships ===

<div class="container highlight>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
[[File:Vector-Foresight-Logo-dark-blue.svg|frameless|225px|alt=Foresight's Institute Logo|link=https://foresight.org/ext/ForesightTechTree]]<br/>
[https://foresight.org/ext/ForesightTechTree Foresight's Institute Longevity Tech Tree]
</div>
</div></div>

=== Scientific contributors ===
<div class="container highlight">
[[File:Leon.jpg|thumb|'''Leon Peshkin''']]
[[File:Matt.jpg|thumb|'''Matt Kaeberlein''']]
[[File:Dudley.png|thumb|'''Dudley Lamming''']]
[[File:Valter.jpg|thumb|'''Valter Longo''']]
[[File:Charles.jpg|thumb|'''Charles Brenner''']]
</div>

=== Want to help out? ===
If you wish to contribute to the content, or in another way, you're more than welcome to learn how you can [[How_to_contribute|contribute]]. You can also [https://gitcoin.co/grants/3936/longevity-wiki financially support] the Wiki through the open-source platform Gitcoin.

[[About|About us]] | [[Contact|Contact us]]
__NOTOC__

Longevity Wiki

2023-07-26T18:10:18Z

Bogdan: /* Scientific contributors */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Longevity Wiki}}
What is aging? Can we cure age-related diseases? Is it possible to eliminate the suffering we all experience as we grow older? Can we live longer, without declining health? On this Wiki you’ll find the '''latest scientific findings on longevity'''. Our aim is to be an accessible, objective and unbiased source of information for this exciting new field.

<div class="container my-5">
<div class="row"><div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Science.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Science based'''</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Padlock.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Open access'''</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Idea.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Understandable'''</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

=== Get a taste of our content... ===
Have a look at our article about [[Rapamycin]]'','' a potential longevity drug. Or, check out our complete [[Articles|list of articles]]. We also have a [[FAQ|Longevity FAQ]] which covers the 20+ most common questions about longevity biotechnology.

<div class="container highlight>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
=== Fundamentals ===
<dpl>
category=Fundamentals
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Fundamentals|More]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
=== Drugs ===
<dpl>
category=Drugs
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Drugs|More]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
=== 'Longevity genes' ===
<dpl>
category=Longevity genes
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Longevity_genes|More]]
</div>
</div></div>

=== Partnerships ===

<div class="container highlight>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
[[File:Vector-Foresight-Logo-dark-blue.svg|frameless|225px|alt=Foresight's Institute Logo|link=https://foresight.org/ext/ForesightTechTree]]<br/>
[https://foresight.org/ext/ForesightTechTree Foresight's Institute Longevity Tech Tree]
</div>
</div></div>

=== Scientific contributors ===
<div class="container highlight">
[[File:Leon.jpg|thumb|'''Leon Peshkin''']]
[[File:Matt.jpg|thumb|'''Matt Kaeberlein''']]
[[File:Dudley.png|thumb|'''Dudley Lamming''']]
[[File:Valter.jpg|thumb|'''Valter Longo''']
[[File:Charles.jpg|thumb|'''Charles Brenner''']]
</div>

=== Want to help out? ===
If you wish to contribute to the content, or in another way, you're more than welcome to learn how you can [[How_to_contribute|contribute]]. You can also [https://gitcoin.co/grants/3936/longevity-wiki financially support] the Wiki through the open-source platform Gitcoin.

[[About|About us]] | [[Contact|Contact us]]
__NOTOC__

Longevity Wiki

2023-07-24T12:06:45Z

Bogdan:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Longevity Wiki}}
What is aging? Can we cure age-related diseases? Is it possible to eliminate the suffering we all experience as we grow older? Can we live longer, without declining health? On this Wiki you’ll find the '''latest scientific findings on longevity'''. Our aim is to be an accessible, objective and unbiased source of information for this exciting new field.

<div class="container my-5">
<div class="row"><div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Science.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Science based'''</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Padlock.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Open access'''</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Idea.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Understandable'''</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

=== Get a taste of our content... ===
Have a look at our article about [[Rapamycin]]'','' a potential longevity drug. Or, check out our complete [[Articles|list of articles]]. We also have a [[FAQ|Longevity FAQ]] which covers the 20+ most common questions about longevity biotechnology.

<div class="container highlight>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
=== Fundamentals ===
<dpl>
category=Fundamentals
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Fundamentals|More]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
=== Drugs ===
<dpl>
category=Drugs
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Drugs|More]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
=== 'Longevity genes' ===
<dpl>
category=Longevity genes
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Longevity_genes|More]]
</div>
</div></div>

=== Partnerships ===

<div class="container highlight>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
[[File:Vector-Foresight-Logo-dark-blue.svg|frameless|225px|alt=Foresight's Institute Logo|link=https://foresight.org/ext/ForesightTechTree]]<br/>
[https://foresight.org/ext/ForesightTechTree Foresight's Institute Longevity Tech Tree]
</div>
</div></div>

=== Contributors ===

<div class="container highlight>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">

</div>
</div></div>

=== Want to help out? ===
If you wish to contribute to the content, or in another way, you're more than welcome to learn how you can [[How_to_contribute|contribute]]. You can also [https://gitcoin.co/grants/3936/longevity-wiki financially support] the Wiki through the open-source platform Gitcoin.

[[About|About us]] | [[Contact|Contact us]]
__NOTOC__

Longevity Wiki

2023-06-18T11:14:06Z

Bogdan:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Longevity Wiki}}
What is aging? Can we cure age-related diseases? Is it possible to eliminate the suffering we all experience as we grow older? Can we live longer, without declining health? On this Wiki you’ll find the '''latest scientific findings on longevity'''. Our aim is to be an accessible, objective and unbiased source of information for this exciting new field.

<div class="container my-5">
<div class="row"><div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Science.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Science based'''</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Padlock.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Open access'''</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm center">
[[File:Icon of Idea.png|frameless|125px|link=]]
<div>'''Understandable'''</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

=== Get a taste of our content... ===
Have a look at our article about [[Rapamycin]]'','' a potential longevity drug. Or, check out our complete [[Articles|list of articles]]. We also have a [[FAQ|Longevity FAQ]] which covers the 20+ most common questions about longevity biotechnology.

<div class="container highlight>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
=== Fundamentals ===
<dpl>
category=Fundamentals
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Fundamentals|More]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
=== Drugs ===
<dpl>
category=Drugs
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Drugs|More]]
</div>
<div class="col-sm">
=== Longevity genes ===
<dpl>
category=Longevity genes
count=6
</dpl>
[[:Category:Longevity_genes|More]]
</div>
</div></div>

=== Partnerships ===

<div class="container highlight>

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm">
[[File:Vector-Foresight-Logo-dark-blue.svg|frameless|225px|alt=Foresight's Institute Logo|link=https://foresight.org/ext/ForesightTechTree]]<br/>
[https://foresight.org/ext/ForesightTechTree Foresight's Institute Longevity Tech Tree]
</div>
</div></div>

=== Want to help out? ===
If you wish to contribute to the content, or in another way, you're more than welcome to learn how you can [[How_to_contribute|contribute]]. You can also [https://gitcoin.co/grants/3936/longevity-wiki financially support] the Wiki through the open-source platform Gitcoin.

[[About|About us]] | [[Contact|Contact us]]
__NOTOC__

File:Vector-Foresight-Logo-dark-blue.svg

2023-06-18T11:08:21Z

Bogdan:

Foresight's Institute Logo

Longevity Wiki

2023-06-18T11:04:07Z

Bogdan:

Longevity Wiki

2023-02-15T08:49:19Z

Bogdan:

Articles

2023-01-25T09:12:53Z

Bogdan:

Longevity Wiki

2023-01-25T06:51:21Z

Bogdan:

Articles

2022-12-27T10:43:25Z

Bogdan:

<dpl>
category=Pillar Articles|Longevity|Glossary|Main list
includesubpages=false
mode=category
ordermethod=titlewithoutnamespace
</dpl>

Articles

2022-12-27T10:42:53Z

Bogdan:

<dpl>
category=Pillar Articles|Longevity|Stub|Main list
includesubpages=false
mode=category
ordermethod=titlewithoutnamespace
</dpl>

Articles

2022-12-27T10:42:34Z

Bogdan:

<dpl>
category=Pillar Articles|Longevity|Glossary|Stub|Main list
includesubpages=false
mode=category
ordermethod=titlewithoutnamespace
</dpl>

Category:Glossary

2022-12-27T09:13:12Z

Bogdan: Blanked the page

Category:Glossary

2022-12-27T09:12:50Z

Bogdan: Created page with "This is a glossary"

This is a glossary

Protein restriction

2022-12-27T09:11:09Z

Bogdan:

Reduced intake of energy ([[calorie restriction]]) has a long history in longevity research, but for almost as long scientists have been interested in understanding if restriction of specific types of macronutrients would recapitulate the effects of CR. The results of many early studies were mixed, likely due to differences in dietary protein quality and the degree of restriction.<ref name=":2">Green CL, Lamming DW. Regulation of metabolic health by essential dietary amino acids. ''Mech Ageing Dev.'' 2019 Jan;177:186-200. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mad.2018.07.004 10.1016/j.mad.2018.07.004]. [Epub 2018 Jul 22]. PMID: 30044947; PMCID: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6333505/ PMC6333505]</ref> However, since the end of the last century, interest in protein restriction (PR) as an intervention has been rekindled by studies which have shown that in flies and mice, total protein restriction or restriction of specific essential amino acids can extend lifespan independently of calorie intake.<ref>Mair, W., Piper, M., & Partridge, L. (2005). Calories Do Not Explain Extension of Life Span by Dietary Restriction in Drosophila. ''Plos Biology'', ''3''(7), e223. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030223</ref><ref name=":9">Solon-Biet SM, McMahon AC, Ballard JW, Ruohonen K, Wu LE, Cogger VC, Warren A, Huang X, Pichaud N, Melvin RG, Gokarn R, Khalil M, Turner N, Cooney GJ, Sinclair DA, Raubenheimer D, Le Couteur DG, Simpson SJ. The ratio of macronutrients, not caloric intake, dictates cardiometabolic health, aging, and longevity in ad libitum-fed mice. Cell Metab. 2014 Mar 4; 19(3):418-30. doi: [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2014.02.009 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.02.009]. </ref>

== Biological mechanism ==
[[File:Graphical abstract for "Regulation of metabolic health by essential dietary amino acids" (Green and Lamming, 2019)..jpg|thumb|Graphical abstract for "Regulation of metabolic health by essential dietary amino acids" (Green and Lamming, 2019).<ref>Green, C., & Lamming, D. (2019). Regulation of metabolic health by essential dietary amino acids. ''Mechanisms Of Ageing And Development'', ''177'', 186-200. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.07.004</ref>]]
Dietary conditions of protein restriction lead to a significant increase in circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), an insulin-sensitizing hormone. Studies in mice and rats show that circulating FGF21 is increased 10-fold within 24 hours of PR and causes subsequent activation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) in the liver through the general control nonderepresssible 2 (GNC2) kinase.<ref name=":1">Laeger, T., Henagan, T., Albarado, D., Redman, L., Bray, G., Noland, R., Münzberg, H., Hutson, S., Gettys, T., Schwartz, M. and Morrison, C., 2014. FGF21 is an endocrine signal of protein restriction. ''Journal of Clinical Investigation'', 124(9), pp.3913-3922.</ref> FGF21 appears responsible for the metabolic remodelling associated to PR, namely reduced body weight, energy expenditure and altered food intake, as these outcomes are not observed in FGF21-deficient animals subjected to PR.<ref name=":1" /> The transcription factor ATF4 is required to upregulate FGF21 and other genes necessary to respond to PR and amino acid restriction.<ref>De Sousa-Coelho, A., Marrero, P., & Haro, D. (2012). Activating transcription factor 4-dependent induction of FGF21 during amino acid deprivation. ''Biochemical Journal'', ''443''(1), 165-171. doi: 10.1042/bj20111748</ref>

Interestingly, increases in the circulating levels of FGF21 are not observed in PR diets with reduced BCAAs, suggesting this form of PR might function via a metabolically distinct pathway.<ref name=":0" /> Branched-chain amino acids or BCAAs (leucine, isoleucine and valine) are among the nine essential amino acids for humans and have an aliphatic side-chain with a branch. BCAA dietary restriction extends lifespan in fruit flies and mice by modulating the mTOR signalling pathway, the target of [[rapamycin]].<ref>Hill, C. and Kaeberlein, M., 2021. Anti-ageing effects of protein restriction unpacked. ''Nature'', 589(7842), pp.357-358.</ref> Sestrin, an inhibitor of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), has recently been implicated as a sensor of amino acids in the intestine, and has been shown to maintain homeostasis and regulate lifespan in flies.<ref>Lu, J., Temp, U., Müller-Hartmann, A., Esser, J., Grönke, S. and Partridge, L., 2020. Sestrin is a key regulator of stem cell function and lifespan in response to dietary amino acids. ''Nature Aging'', 1(1), pp.60-72.</ref>

Restricting methionine, another essential amino acid in humans, by approximately 70-80% has also been shown to be sufficient to increase lifespan in mice and to provide some of the health benefits associated to [[Calorie restriction|caloric restriction]] (CR).<ref>Miller, R., Buehner, G., Chang, Y., Harper, J., Sigler, R., & Smith-Wheelock, M. (2005). Methionine-deficient diet extends mouse lifespan, slows immune and lens aging, alters glucose, T4, IGF-I and insulin levels, and increases hepatocyte MIF levels and stress resistance. ''Aging Cell'', ''4''(3), 119-125. doi: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2005.00152.x</ref><ref>Forney, L., Wanders, D., Stone, K., Pierse, A., & Gettys, T. (2017). Concentration-dependent linkage of dietary methionine restriction to the components of its metabolic phenotype. ''Obesity'', ''25''(4), 730-738. doi: 10.1002/oby.21806</ref> Methionine restriction is hypothesized to be mediated via FGF21 and to inhibit mTORC1, although this might occur in a sexually dimorphic way and be exclusive to male mice.<ref>Nichenametla, S., Mattocks, D., Malloy, V., & Pinto, J. (2018). Sulfur amino acid restriction-induced changes in redox-sensitive proteins are associated with slow protein synthesis rates. ''Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences'', ''1418''(1), 80-94. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13556</ref><ref>Douris, N., Stevanovic, D., Fisher, f., Cisu, T., Chee, M., & Nguyen, N. et al. (2015). Central Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Browns White Fat via Sympathetic Action in Male Mice. ''Endocrinology'', ''156''(7), 2470-2481. doi: 10.1210/en.2014-2001</ref><ref>Yu, D., Yang, S., Miller, B., Wisinski, J., Sherman, D., & Brinkman, J. et al. (2018). Short‐term methionine deprivation improves metabolic health via sexually dimorphic, mTORCI‐independent mechanisms. ''The FASEB Journal'', ''32''(6), 3471-3482. doi: 10.1096/fj.201701211r</ref>

The relationship between amino acid intake and metabolic health is complex and no clear consensus exists yet as to the exact mechanism through which benefit might be derived, as well as its effect in other less studied tissues such as the brain.

== Human studies ==
A number of long-term studies suggest that lower protein diets in humans are associated to improved metabolic health and increased lifespan.

==== NHANES III ====
A restrospective cohort study based in the National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III, surveyed 6,381 men and women located in the USA and of 50 years old and over. They found that participants of 50 to 65 years old with high animal-derived protein intake had a 75% increased risk in mortality and a 4-fold increase in risk of age-associated diseases such as cancer.<ref>Levine, M., Suarez, J., Brandhorst, S., Balasubramanian, P., Cheng, C., & Madia, F. et al. (2014). Low Protein Intake Is Associated with a Major Reduction in IGF-1, Cancer, and Overall Mortality in the 65 and Younger but Not Older Population. ''Cell Metabolism'', ''19''(3), 407-417. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.02.006</ref> However, the reverse trend was observed in participants aged over 65 years old, in which high animal-derived protein intake was associated to lower cancer risk and mortality. Independently of age, high protein intake was associated to a 5-fold increase in the risk of diabetes, although it is important to observe that the particular sample size for diabetes-related deaths was low (n=21). Of note, this study controlled for age, sex, waist circumference and total calories consumption, but did not control for amount of exercise.

Interestingly, the relationships between protein intake, health and mortality risk were no longer observed if protein consumed was plant-derived. When controlling for plant-derived protein, no positive nor negative associations were observed, suggesting that plant-derived protein has no added health benefits but rather that animal-derived protein has deleterious health effects. These findings are in agreement with previous studies showing consumption of red meat is associated to higher risk of all-cause mortality and cancer.<ref>Sun, Q. (2012). Red Meat Consumption and Mortality. ''Archives Of Internal Medicine'', ''172''(7), 555. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.2287</ref>

This study also measured levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in a subset of the cohort (n= 2,253 subjects) and found that low protein intake was associated with a significant reduction in IGF-1 and in turn with a lower incidence of cancer. Higher circulating levels of IGF-1, the molecule that negatively regulates the longevity gene [[FOXO longevity genes|FOXO]], has been extensively associated with an increased risk of cancer and might act as a promoter of tumorigenesis.<ref>Grimberg, A. (2003). Mechanisms by which IGF-I May Promote Cancer. ''Cancer Biology &Amp; Therapy'', ''2''(6), 628-633. doi: 10.4161/cbt.2.6.678</ref><ref>Hua, H., Kong, Q., Yin, J., Zhang, J., & Jiang, Y. (2020). Insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling in tumorigenesis and drug resistance: a challenge for cancer therapy. ''Journal Of Hematology &Amp; Oncology'', ''13''(1). doi: 10.1186/s13045-020-00904-3</ref><ref>Pollak, M., Schernhammer, E., & Hankinson, S. (2004). Insulin-like growth factors and neoplasia. ''Nature Reviews Cancer'', ''4''(7), 505-518. doi: 10.1038/nrc1387</ref>

==== (EPIC)-NL ====
A large prospective cohort study based on the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-NL study, measured dietary protein intake and incidence of diabetes among 38,094 participants in Europe.<ref>Sluijs, I., Beulens, J., van der A, D., Spijkerman, A., Grobbee, D., & van der Schouw, Y. (2009). Dietary Intake of Total, Animal, and Vegetable Protein and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-NL Study. ''Diabetes Care'', ''33''(1), 43-48. doi: 10.2337/dc09-1321</ref> Similarly to the NHANES III study, they found that higher animal protein intake was associated with increased risk of diabetes. However, in discrepancy to the NHANES III study, the (EPIC)-NL also found an association, although more nuanced, between higher total protein intake and increased incidence of diabetes which was independent of protein source.

==== RCTs ====
A small randomised controlled trial (RCT) showed that moderate protein restriction (PR) improved several health markers in both humans and mice.<ref name=":0">Fontana, L., Cummings, N., Arriola Apelo, S., Neuman, J., Kasza, I., & Schmidt, B. et al. (2016). Decreased Consumption of Branched-Chain Amino Acids Improves Metabolic Health. ''Cell Reports'', ''16''(2), 520-530. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.092</ref> They observed that 7-9% PR led to improved blood glucose levels and blood glucose tolerance, while decreasing body mass index (BMI) and fat mass in both humans and mice. However, the human subjects of the study (n=38) were overweight or mildly obese, and the control group might have been consuming an excessive amount of protein that consisted of more than 50% of their diet. On the contrary, mice in the control group were fed a diet that consisted of 21% protein.

In the same study, they fed C57BL/6J wild-type mice a diet with reduced branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and found it was sufficient to improve metabolic health markers and body composition and had equivalent health effects to those of total PR.

== Animal studies ==
Studies in rodents on the effect of PR consistently show that reduced protein intake, independently of total calorie consumption, leads to a variety of improved metabolic health parameters, as well as increased food intake and energy expenditure.<ref name=":2" /> Some scientists argue that PR has wider health benefits over traditional [[Calorie restriction|CR]], which derive from the additional energy expenditure observed in PR diets.<ref name=":3">Laeger, T., Henagan, T., Albarado, D., Redman, L., Bray, G., & Noland, R. et al. (2014). FGF21 is an endocrine signal of protein restriction. ''Journal Of Clinical Investigation'', ''124''(9), 3913-3922. doi: 10.1172/jci74915</ref><ref name=":4">Morrison, C., Xi, X., White, C., Ye, J., & Martin, R. (2007). Amino acids inhibit Agrp gene expression via an mTOR-dependent mechanism. ''American Journal Of Physiology-Endocrinology And Metabolism'', ''293''(1), E165-E171. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00675.2006</ref><ref name=":5">White, P., Lapworth, A., An, J., Wang, L., McGarrah, R., & Stevens, R. et al. (2016). Branched-chain amino acid restriction in Zucker-fatty rats improves muscle insulin sensitivity by enhancing efficiency of fatty acid oxidation and acyl-glycine export. ''Molecular Metabolism'', ''5''(7), 538-551. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.04.006</ref>

==== Mice ====
In C57BL/6 mice of both sexes fed ad libitum, 5% dietary protein during 14 months led to increased food intake, increased adiposity, improved gluocose tolerance, reduced circulating IGF-1 and reduced mTOR activation in comparison to mice fed 60% protein.<ref name=":6">Solon-Biet, S., McMahon, A., Ballard, J., Ruohonen, K., Wu, L., & Cogger, V. et al. (2014). The Ratio of Macronutrients, Not Caloric Intake, Dictates Cardiometabolic Health, Aging, and Longevity in Ad Libitum-Fed Mice. ''Cell Metabolism'', ''19''(3), 418-430. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.02.009</ref> Researchers argued that the benefits of [[Calorie restriction|caloric restriction]] are maximized when controlling for the ratio of macronutrients rather than total caloric intake.<ref name=":6" /> Another study looked at male C57BL/6 mice fed 5% protein during a timeframe of only 14 days, and found that besides increased food intake and energy expenditure, there were increased levels of circulating FGF21 and increased expression of eIF2α in the liver, supporting the current understanding of the underlying biological mechanism.<ref name=":3" />

A range of other PR studies in C57BL/6 mice ranging from 4-7% of total protein in diet during intervals of 12-27 weeks showed similar positive outcomes and, additionally, recorded weight loss, reduced fat mass gain, reduced lean mass, improved glucose and pyruvate tolerance and improved expression of health markers in BAT (brown adipose tissue) and WAT (white adipose tissue).<ref name=":0" /><ref>Laeger, T., Albarado, D., Burke, S., Trosclair, L., Hedgepeth, J., & Berthoud, H. et al. (2016). Metabolic Responses to Dietary Protein Restriction Require an Increase in FGF21 that Is Delayed by the Absence of GCN2. ''Cell Reports'', ''16''(3), 707-716. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.044</ref><ref>Maida, A., Zota, A., Sjøberg, K., Schumacher, J., Sijmonsma, T., & Pfenninger, A. et al. (2016). A liver stress-endocrine nexus promotes metabolic integrity during dietary protein dilution. ''Journal Of Clinical Investigation'', ''126''(9), 3263-3278. doi: 10.1172/jci85946</ref><ref>Solon-Biet, S., Cogger, V., Pulpitel, T., Heblinski, M., Wahl, D., & McMahon, A. et al. (2016). Defining the Nutritional and Metabolic Context of FGF21 Using the Geometric Framework. ''Cell Metabolism'', ''24''(4), 555-565. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.09.001</ref><ref>Hill, C., Laeger, T., Albarado, D., McDougal, D., Berthoud, H., Münzberg, H., & Morrison, C. (2017). Low protein-induced increases in FGF21 drive UCP1-dependent metabolic but not thermoregulatory endpoints. ''Scientific Reports'', ''7''(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07498-w</ref><ref>Cummings, N., Williams, E., Kasza, I., Konon, E., Schaid, M., & Schmidt, B. et al. (2017). Restoration of metabolic health by decreased consumption of branched-chain amino acids. ''The Journal Of Physiology'', ''596''(4), 623-645. doi: 10.1113/jp275075</ref>

Several different studies have found that PR in the 5-7% range increases the lifespan of C57BL/6J male mice <ref name=":9" /><ref>Richardson NE, Konon EN, Schuster HS, Mitchell AT, Boyle C, Rodgers AC, Finke M, Haider LR, Yu D, Flores V, Pak HH, Ahmad S, Ahmed S, Radcliff A, Wu J, Williams EM, Abdi L, Sherman DS, Hacker T, Lamming DW. Lifelong restriction of dietary branched-chain amino acids has sex-specific benefits for frailty and lifespan in mice. Nature Aging, 2021 Jan;1(1):73-86. doi: 10.1038/s43587-020-00006-2. Epub 2021 Jan 14. PMID: 33796866 PMCID: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc8009080/ PMC8009080].

</ref>, and this effect has been shown to require FGF21.<ref>Hill CM, Albarado DC, Coco LG, Spann RA, Khan MS, Qualls-Creekmore E, Burk DH, Burke SJ, Collier JJ, Yu S, McDougal DH, Berthoud HR, Münzberg H, Bartke A, Morrison CD. FGF21 is required for protein restriction to extend lifespan and improve metabolic health in male mice. Nature Communications, 2022 Apr 7;13(1):1897. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29499-8. PMID: 35393401. PMCID: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc8991228/ PMC8991228].

</ref>

==== Rats ====

Sprague-Dawley male rats fed ad libitum with 9% of protein in diets during 14 days, led to increased food intake and increased levels of FGF21 and eIF2α in the liver, similarly to mice.<ref name=":3" /> In another study of Sprague-Dawley male rats with 10% dietary protein intake during 14 days, increased hepatic [[autophagy]] and reduced hepatic lipogenic expression was observed.<ref>Henagan, T., Laeger, T., Navard, A., Albarado, D., Noland, R., & Stadler, K. et al. (2016). Hepatic autophagy contributes to the metabolic response to dietary protein restriction. ''Metabolism'', ''65''(6), 805-815. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.02.015</ref>

However, obesity-prone rats with completely abolished protein intake (0%), showed decreased energy intake and induced fatty liver which persisted after the restriction period, which can be associated to poor health.<ref name=":7">Pezeshki, A., Zapata, R., Singh, A., Yee, N., & Chelikani, P. (2016). Low protein diets produce divergent effects on energy balance. ''Scientific Reports'', ''6''(1). doi: 10.1038/srep25145</ref> In the same study, energy intake was increased and there was no incidence of fatty liver in rats that were fed 5% protein compared to 15% protein in the control diet.<ref name=":7" /> This study shows that moderate, but not complete, protein restriction might be beneficial to health.

Additionally, in Wistar fatty rats, an animal model of type 2 diabetes and obesity, low-protein diets demonstrated a health benefit in diabetic status and prevented diabetic nephropathy.<ref>Kitada, M., Ogura, Y., Suzuki, T., Monno, I., Kanasaki, K., Watanabe, A., & Koya, D. (2018). A low-protein diet exerts a beneficial effect on diabetic status and prevents diabetic nephropathy in Wistar fatty rats, an animal model of type 2 diabetes and obesity. ''Nutrition &Amp; Metabolism'', ''15''(1). doi: 10.1186/s12986-018-0255-1</ref>

== Caveats ==
Together with a range of health benefits, [[Calorie restriction|caloric restriction]] (CR) is often accompanied by a number of important caveats.<ref>Ingram, D., & de Cabo, R. (2017). Calorie restriction in rodents: Caveats to consider. ''Ageing Research Reviews'', ''39'', 15-28. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.008</ref> Some of the deleterious effects of CR include reduced bone density,<ref>Baek, K., Barlow, A., Allen, M., & Bloomfield, S. (2008). Food restriction and simulated microgravity: effects on bone and serum leptin. ''Journal Of Applied Physiology'', ''104''(4), 1086-1093. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01209.2007</ref> impaired wound healing<ref>Hunt, N., Li, G., Zhu, M., Levette, A., Chachich, M., & Spangler, E. et al. (2011). Effect of calorie restriction and refeeding on skin wound healing in the rat. ''AGE'', ''34''(6), 1453-1458. doi: 10.1007/s11357-011-9321-6</ref> and an increased risk of infection.<ref>Kristan, D. (2008). Calorie restriction and susceptibility to intact pathogens. ''AGE'', ''30''(2-3), 147-156. doi: 10.1007/s11357-008-9056-1</ref>

Similarly, recent studies have shown that protein restriction (PR) can increase frailty and shorten the lifespan of animals when PR is performed under stressful conditions.<ref name=":8">Zajitschek, Felix, et al. “Dietary Restriction Fails to Extend Life in Stressful Environments.” 2022, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.10.17.512576</nowiki>. </ref> Moderate protein restriction in ''Drosophila'' fruit flies led to lifespan extension at benign temperatures of 25-27ºC, but there was no effect or even a shortening of lifespan in cold (21-23ºC) or hot (29ºC) temperatures.<ref name=":8" /><references />
[[Category:Longevity]]
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Longevity Wiki

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FOXO longevity genes

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Telomeres

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{{Draft-article}}

Telomeres (from the Greek "''telos''", meaning "end", and "''meros''", meaning "part") are protective caps on the ends of chromosomes. Like the rest of the chromosome, they are made up of DNA, but this DNA does not code for any proteins.

Telomeres are made up of a short, repeated sequence of DNA bases. (In humans the sequence is TTAGGG.)
[[File:Chromosomes, with the telomeres shown in pink.png|thumb|Chromosomes with the telomeres shown in pink. Image by AJC1 - <nowiki>https://theconversation.com/end-of-ageing-and-cancer-scientists-unveil-structure-of-the-immortality-enzyme-telomerase-95591</nowiki>, CC BY-SA 4.0, <nowiki>https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=71691237</nowiki>]]
The purpose of telomeres is to protect the rest of the chromosome from damage, particularly during cell division. Every time a cell divides, the chromosome is shortened a bit (see "end replication problem" below), and the sacrificed DNA comes from the telomeres rather than from the DNA that codes for proteins.

== Telomere loss with cell division (the "end replication problem") ==
When a cell divides, the DNA strands that make up the chromosomes also divide, and a complementary strand is synthesised for each half, resulting in two copies of the original chromosome. However, the ends of the chromosomes - 25-200 DNA bases - cannot be replicated. This is known as the "end replication problem". The process is explained in more detail below.

==== DNA replication during cell division ====
During cell division the paired DNA strands separate in an “unzipping” motion. Each DNA strand has what is known as a 5’ end and a 3’ end (dictated by the orientation of the component molecules). The DNA strands in each pair run in opposite directions from each other.

Enzymes move along the separating strands from the open end to the closed end, synthesizing a complementary DNA strand for each of the two strands as they go.
[[File:DNA replication.jpg|center|frame|DNA replication. Image by Genomics Education Programme - DNA replication, CC BY 2.0, <nowiki>https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50542885</nowiki>]]

This synthesis process begins when a section of RNA, known as a "primer", attaches to the parent strand, providing a molecule onto which the newly synthesized DNA can be attached. (The RNA primers are later removed and replaced with DNA.)

However, the DNA-synthesizing enzymes can only add DNA in one direction - from the 3' end of the parent strand to the 5' end. On one of the strands (the "leading strand") the enzymes are moving in this direction along the parent strand, so this is not a problem. However, on the other strand (the "lagging strand"), which is oriented in the opposite direction, the enzymes are moving in the wrong direction to be able to lay down DNA.

This problem is solved by laying down DNA in a series of “backstitches” (known as “Okazaki fragments”). Each backstitch is started off by an RNA primer attached to the parent strand. The primers are later replaced with DNA, which is also laid down as backstitches.

However, the final primer, at the end of the lagging strand, cannot be replaced with DNA because there is nothing to attach this final backstitch to. This is known as the "end replication problem".

The end replication problem means that the new DNA strand is shorter than the parent strand.

In order to ensure that this shortening does not result in the loss of important bases, a string of disposable bases is provided at the end of the strand. This string of disposable bases is called a telomere and consists of a short sequence (TTAGGG in humans) repeated multiple times.

The process of sacrificing these bases is called “telomere attrition”.

This attrition eventually results in telomeres that are too short to allow the cell to divide any further. This state is known as "replicative senescence" and it triggers programmed cell death.

However, if telomeres are maintained (see "How can telomeres be maintained?" below), the cell can continue to divide indefinitely.

=== How can telomeres be maintained? ===
Telomeres are made and maintained by the enzyme telomerase, which adds the telomere DNA sequence to the ends of the chromosomes.

Telomerase is present only in small concentrations in somatic cells (the body's non-reproductive cells) and is not regularly used by them. However, it is present in high concentrations in germline cells (eggs and sperm), stem cells and cancer cells, and it serves to maintain the telomeres when these cells divide. This means these cells do not age and can continue dividing indefinitely.
[[Category:Longevity]]
[[Category:Drafts]]

Articles

2022-06-21T11:30:50Z

Bogdan:

<dpl>
category=Pillar Articles|Longevity|Glossary|Stub
notcategory=Drafts
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Aging and eye disease

2022-06-21T11:29:45Z

Bogdan:

{{Draft-article }}Most eye diseases and uncorrectable visual impairments are age-related. A recent US based study demonstrated visual impairment increases as a function of age and is even more prevalent than previous accounts.<ref name=":1">Flaxman, A. D., Wittenborn, J. S., Robalik, T., Gulia, R., Gerzoff, R. B., Lundeen, E. A., ... & Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System study group. (2021). Prevalence of Visual Acuity Loss or Blindness in the US: A Bayesian Meta-analysis. ''JAMA ophthalmology''.</ref>

The most prevalent eye diseases (glaucoma, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy) all increase with age. Presbyopia and senile cataracts, considered a part of normal aging, are also common contributors to visual impairment that while treatable are not always accessible. Ocular surface disease is a less appreciated condition that also increases with age.<ref>Di Zazzo, A., Micera, A., Coassin, M., Varacalli, G., Foulsham, W., De Piano, M., & Bonini, S. (2019). Inflammaging at ocular surface: clinical and biomolecular analyses in healthy volunteers. ''Investigative ophthalmology & visual science'', ''60''(5), 1769-1775.</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>Den, S., Shimizu, K., Ikeda, T., Tsubota, K., Shimmura, S., & Shimazaki, J. (2006). Association between meibomian gland changes and aging, sex, or tear function. ''Cornea'', ''25''(6), 651-655.</ref><ref>Arita, R., Itoh, K., Inoue, K., Maeda, S., Maeda, K., Furuta, A., ... & Amano, S. (2009). Noncontact Meibography detects changes in meibomian glands in the Aging process in a normal Population and patients with meibomian gland dysfunction. ''Cornea'', ''28''(11), S75-S79.</ref>

=== Cataract ===
Cataract describes a cloudiness of the crystalline lens, located inside the eye, just behind the iris. Clouding of the crystalline lens essentially is a universal occurrence in all humans with advancing age, but the degree and rate of progression can be highly variable. Often the lens change is gradual; mild lens changes can begin around age 40 with advancing opacity diagnosed as cataract or removed by surgery in greater than 50% of individuals by age 80.<ref>https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts</ref>

==== Epidemiology ====
Cataracts increase as a function of aging. Globally they are the leading cause of treatable blindness. According to a recent analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study caused a worldwide estimated 15.2 million cases of blindness and an aged 50+ years were blind, with an additional 78.8 million cases of moderate to severe vision impairment (MSVI) in individuals 50 years old and up.<ref name=":0">Pesudovs, K., Lansingh, V. C., Kempen, J. H., Steinmetz, J. D., Briant, P. S., Varma, R., ... & Bourne, R. R. (2021). Cataract-related blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over time in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. ''Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science'', ''62''(8), 3523-3523.</ref> Although The World Health Assembly Global Action Plan acheived it's target goal of a 25% reduction of avoidable vision impairment from the period of 2010 to 2019 for cataract blindness, the goal was not met for MSVI, and decreases in prevalence "were more than offset by global population growth and aging, leaving more people cataract blind and visually impaired than ever before."<ref name=":0" />

==== Pathogenesis ====
Most cataracts are related to aging, but may rarely also be either congenital, induced by trauma or resulting from toxicity. Speciallized lens proteins known as crystallins compose the lens lending to its transparency. The process has yet to be fully defined, but generally oxidation accelerates while metabolic activity slows in aged eyes, lending to modification and accumulation of lens proteins.<ref>Lam, D., Rao, S. K., Ratra, V., Liu, Y., Mitchell, P., King, J., ... & Chang, D. F. (2015). Cataract. ''Nature reviews Disease primers'', ''1''(1), 1-15.</ref> More recent investigations into differentially expressed microRNA (miRNA) in cataractous eyes discovered eight differentially expressed miRNAs that could be involved in the pathogenesis of senile cataract. The miRNA discovered were noted to be related to oxidative stress and autophagy.<ref>Kim, Y. J., Lee, W. J., Ko, B. W., Lim, H. W., Yeon, Y., Ahn, S. J., & Lee, B. R. (2021). Investigation of microRNA expression in anterior lens capsules of senile cataract patients and microRNA differences according to the cataract type. ''Translational Vision Science & Technology'', ''10''(2), 14-14.</ref> Metabolic conditions, particularly diabetes, can accelerate cataract formation. Corticosteroids, radiation and heat are also associated with increased cataract formation.

==== Symptoms ====
Many patients first complain of night time glare especially from on-coming headlights or glare from the bright sunlight. Cataracts cause a deterioration in visual acuity and contrast.

==== Treatments ====
The primary treatment of cataracts is surgical and cataract surgery is one of the most commonly performed surgeries in developed nations. However, as previously mentioned, there remains a large need for cataract surgery in some parts of the world

=== Glaucoma ===
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases causing deterioration of the optic nerve, the nerve that connects the eye to the brain.<ref>https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/glaucoma</ref> The most common type of glaucoma is known as primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and is age-related, but glaucoma can also more rarely be congenital. Generally, risk for glaucoma increases starting around age 40.<ref>https://glaucomafoundation.org/aboutglaucoma/whos-at-risk/</ref> Association studies have long demonstrated having a family history, especially of a first degree relative with glaucoma, is a risk factor. More recently specific gene associations have also been identified.<ref>Gramer, G., Weber, B. H., & Gramer, E. (2014). Results of a patient-directed survey on frequency of family history of glaucoma in 2170 patients. ''Investigative ophthalmology & visual science'', ''55''(1), 259-264.</ref>

==== Epidemiology ====

==== Pathogenesis ====
As previously stated, glaucoma is a group of diseases and it's pathogenesis is multifactorial.

==== Symptoms ====

==== Treatments ====

=== Age Related Macular Degeneration ===
Age-related macular degeneration affects the central area of the retina which has the highest density of photoreceptors or light sensing cells, as such, damage to the area can result in significant central visual loss.

==== Epidemiology ====

==== Pathogenesis ====

==== Symptoms ====

==== Treatments ====

=== Diabetic Retinopathy ===

Epidemiology

==== Pathogenesis ====

==== Symptoms ====

==== Treatments ====

==== Definition ====

=== Blepharitis and Dry Eyes ===
<references />
[[Category:Longevity]]

Autophagy

2022-06-21T11:29:29Z

Bogdan:

Autophagy (“''auto''” meaning “self”, and “''phagy''” meaning “to eat”) is a catabolic process highly conserved in eukaryotes, in which cytoplasmic components are delivered to the lysosome and degraded. It is a key process for the regulation of cellular energetic equilibrium and plays a housekeeping role by removing cellular waste, damaged organelles, aggregated or misfolded proteins and even intracellular pathogens<ref>Glick, D., Barth, S., & Macleod, K. (2010). Autophagy: cellular and molecular mechanisms. ''The Journal Of Pathology'', ''221''(1), 3-12. doi: 10.1002/path.2697</ref>. The process of autophagy is also critical in several developmental processes and in response to nutrient stresses<ref>Maria Fimia, G., Stoykova, A., Romagnoli, A., Giunta, L., Di Bartolomeo, S., & Nardacci, R. et al. (2007). Ambra1 regulates autophagy and development of the nervous system. ''Nature'', ''447''(7148), 1121-1125. doi: 10.1038/nature05925</ref><ref>Qu, X., Zou, Z., Sun, Q., Luby-Phelps, K., Cheng, P., & Hogan, R. et al. (2007). Autophagy Gene-Dependent Clearance of Apoptotic Cells during Embryonic Development. ''Cell'', ''128''(5), 931-946. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.044</ref>.

There are three defined types of autophagy: macro-autophagy, micro-autophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy<ref>Parzych, K., & Klionsky, D. (2014). An Overview of Autophagy: Morphology, Mechanism, and Regulation. ''Antioxidants &Amp; Redox Signaling'', ''20''(3), 460-473. doi: 10.1089/ars.2013.5371</ref>. Despite differences in their mechanism of degradation and the molecular components they require, all three types of autophagy share in common the delivery of cytoplasmic cargo to the lysosome for proteolytic degradation. Due to its role in disease, macro-autophagy in particular has been the main focus of research over the past few decades, and often the term “autophagy” is used to refer to the macro-autophagy type of autophagy.
<references />
[[Category:Longevity]]

Blue zones

2022-06-21T11:29:09Z

Bogdan:

{{Draft-article }}
== The 5 blue zones ==

=== Ikaria, Greece ===

=== Sardinia, Italy ===

=== Okinawa, Japan ===

=== Loma Linda, California, USA ===

=== Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica ===

== Diet in the blue zones ==

== Lifestyle in the blue zones ==

== Longevity Studies ==
Resources:

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/5/1495

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0531556504002141?casa_token=Kr3v3ey1PPoAAAAA:yZzU3VYKe_od8zF1YWQqYJq6FzpNoULM0HHBwEqizetwsJrGmgmlMoYEOhHHXDz6tpchqYW6FNA

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/12/6602

https://www.jstor.org/stable/43050798

https://dial.uclouvain.be/downloader/downloader.php?pid=boreal:176044&datastream=PDF_01

https://search.proquest.com/openview/f0be273bd0cb8fa5cdb35ba91edfd728/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1346341&casa_token=eZXki4xBfaQAAAAA:_lB_NpnseHsNvwHottZ-Ar7IAg5_sFm8swvrWRlIZR3_tp1bLPZprc6wSbSafkycBfE5UxoiZDE

http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1899/longevity-blue-zone-centenarians-an-expository-paper

https://www.nature.com/articles/ejcn2014230

https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.788497

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/blue-zones#:~:text=Summary%3A%20Blue%20Zones%20are%20areas,%E2%80%9330%25%20role%20in%20longevity.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Zone

https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/04/11/398325030/eating-to-break-100-longevity-diet-tips-from-the-blue-zones

https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200512-the-ingredients-that-hold-the-secret-to-a-long-life

http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1899/longevity-blue-zone-centenarians-an-expository-paper
[[Category:Longevity]]

Gotu Kola

2022-06-21T11:27:54Z

Bogdan:

{{Draft-article}}

Gotu kola (also known by its scientific name ''Centella asiatica'') is an herb in the parsley family used in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine (two forms of complementary and alternative medicine).<ref name=":0">Gohil, K., Patel, J., & Gajjar, A. (2010). Pharmacological review on Centella asiatica: A potential herbal cure-all. ''Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 72''(5), 546. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.78519</nowiki></ref><ref name=":1">''Gotu kola: Overview, uses, side effects, precautions, interactions, dosing and reviews.'' (n.d.). Retrieved June 8, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-753/gotu-kola</nowiki></ref><ref>''What is Ayurveda?'' (n.d.). WebMD. Retrieved June 8, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/ayurvedic-treatments</nowiki></ref><ref>''What is traditional Chinese medicine?'' (n.d.). WebMD. Retrieved June 8, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/what-is-traditional-chinese-medicine</nowiki></ref>

Gotu kola is native to tropical and subtropical parts of Asia, and it should not be confused with kola nut, as it does not contain caffeine and has not been shown to have stimulant properties.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">''Gotu kola: Health benefits and side effects.'' (2020, March 10). <nowiki>https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/gotu-kola-benefits</nowiki></ref> It is used to treat burns, poor circulation, schistosomiasis, atherosclerosis, and many other conditions.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Some also claim that gotu kola can benefit the brain and nervous system, increasing attention span and concentration, and improving memory.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> However, scientists have not yet performed sufficient research to justify these uses of gotu kola, with the exceptions of second-degree burns, varicose veins, and venous insufficiency.

Gotu kola does appear to accelerate the healing process when applied to second-degree burns, and taking gotu kola (or Centellase, an extract of it) by mouth seems to improve blood circulation and reduce swelling in people with poor blood circulation in the legs. Its effect on blood circulation and swelling lets it serve as a treatment for varicose veins (a vein condition causing itchy skin, swelling, and aching in the legs, which becomes more likely as patients age) and venous insufficiency (in which veins have problems moving blood from the legs to the heart).<ref name=":1" /><ref>''The basics of varicose veins.'' (n.d.). WebMD. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/understanding-varicose-veins-basics</nowiki></ref><ref>''Venous insufficiency: Medlineplus medical encyclopedia.'' (n.d.). Retrieved June 12, 2021, from <nowiki>https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000203.htm</nowiki></ref>

It should be noted that science has not found evidence ''against'' gotu kola's effectiveness against other conditions; it simply has not found evidence ''for'' gotu kola's effectiveness. An exception is radiation dermatitis (a type of skin damage), as some research has shown that a cream containing gotu kola extract does not reduce the severity of radiation dermatitis from breast cancer treatments.<ref name=":1" />

== Citations ==
<references />
[[Category:Longevity]]