https://en.longevitywiki.org/api.php?hidebots=1&urlversion=1&days=7&limit=50&target=Articles&action=feedrecentchanges&feedformat=atomLongevity Wiki - Changes related to "Articles" [en-GB]2024-03-28T15:09:40ZRelated changesMediaWiki 1.41.0https://en.longevitywiki.org/index.php?title=Trigonelline&diff=3220&oldid=3217Trigonelline2024-03-27T19:59:41Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:59, 27 March 2024</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Trigonelline''', a naturally occurring alkaloid compound ('''N-methyl nicotinic acid''') found in various plants, including coffee beans<ref>Stennert, A., & Maier, H. G. (1993). Trigonelline in coffee: I. Comparison of thin-layer with high-performance chromatography. Simultaneous determination of caffeine. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch, 196, 430-434.</ref><ref>Allred, K. F., Yackley, K. M., Vanamala, J., & Allred, C. D. (2009). Trigonelline is a novel phytoestrogen in coffee beans. The Journal of nutrition, 139(10), 1833-1838. doi:10.3945/jn.109.108001</ref><ref>Konstantinidis, N., Franke, H., Schwarz, S., & Lachenmeier, D. W. (2023). Risk assessment of trigonelline in coffee and coffee by-products. Molecules, 28(8), 3460. PMID 37110693 PMC 10146819 doi:10.3390/molecules28083460</ref>, fenugreek (''Trigonella foenum-graecum'')<ref>Rajabi Hashjin, M., Asghari, A., Zeinalabedini, M., & Ghaffari, M. R. (2019). Comparison of trigonelline content in some species of medicinal plant of fenugreek (Trigonella L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 35(5), 721-730. doi:10.22092/ijmapr.2019.125203.2500</ref>, Japanese radish - Daikon<ref>Sasaki, M., Nonoshita, Y., Kajiya, T., Atsuchi, N., Kido, M., Chu, D. C., ... & Kajiya, K. (2020). Characteristic analysis of trigonelline contained in Raphanus sativus Cv. Sakurajima Daikon and results from the first trial examining its vasodilator properties in humans. Nutrients, 12(6), 1872. PMID 32585930 PMC 7353243 doi:10.3390/nu12061872</ref> and pumpkin seeds<ref>Adams, G. G., Imran, S., Wang, S., Mohammad, A., Kok, M. S., Gray, D. A., ... & Harding, S. E. (2014). The hypoglycemic effect of pumpkin seeds, Trigonelline (TRG), Nicotinic acid (NA), and D-Chiro-inositol (DCI) in controlling glycemic levels in diabetes mellitus. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 54(10), 1322-1329. PMID 24564589 doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.635816</ref>, has been extensively studied for its numerous biological activities, including antimicrobial,<ref>Anwar, S., Bhandari, U., Panda, B. P., Dubey, K., Khan, W., & Ahmad, S. (2018). Trigonelline inhibits intestinal microbial metabolism of choline and its associated cardiovascular risk. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 159, 100-112.</ref> anticancer, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and anti-hyperlipidemic effects.<ref>Vieira Porto, A. C., & Farah, A. (2019). Potential Effects of Trigonelline and Derivatives on Health. In Coffee: Consumption and Health Implications (pp. 432-455). The Royal Society of Chemistry.</ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Trigonelline''', a naturally occurring alkaloid compound ('''N-methyl nicotinic acid''') found in various plants, including coffee beans<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.<ref name="Centr">Nguyen, V., Taine, E. G., Meng, D., Cui, T., & Tan, W. (2024). Pharmacological Activities, Therapeutic Effects, and Mechanistic Actions of Trigonelline. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(6), 3385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063385</ref><ref>Mohamadi, N., Sharififar, F., Pournamdari, M., & Ansari, M. (2018). A review on biosynthesis, analytical techniques, and pharmacological activities of trigonelline as a plant alkaloid. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 15(2), 207-222. PMID: 28816550 [https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2017.1329244 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1329244]</ref> </ins><ref>Stennert, A., & Maier, H. G. (1993). Trigonelline in coffee: I. Comparison of thin-layer with high-performance chromatography. Simultaneous determination of caffeine. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch, 196, 430-434.</ref><ref>Allred, K. F., Yackley, K. M., Vanamala, J., & Allred, C. D. (2009). Trigonelline is a novel phytoestrogen in coffee beans. The Journal of nutrition, 139(10), 1833-1838. doi:10.3945/jn.109.108001</ref><ref>Konstantinidis, N., Franke, H., Schwarz, S., & Lachenmeier, D. W. (2023). Risk assessment of trigonelline in coffee and coffee by-products. Molecules, 28(8), 3460. PMID 37110693 PMC 10146819 doi:10.3390/molecules28083460</ref>, fenugreek (''Trigonella foenum-graecum'')<ref>Rajabi Hashjin, M., Asghari, A., Zeinalabedini, M., & Ghaffari, M. R. (2019). Comparison of trigonelline content in some species of medicinal plant of fenugreek (Trigonella L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 35(5), 721-730. doi:10.22092/ijmapr.2019.125203.2500</ref>, Japanese radish - Daikon<ref>Sasaki, M., Nonoshita, Y., Kajiya, T., Atsuchi, N., Kido, M., Chu, D. C., ... & Kajiya, K. (2020). Characteristic analysis of trigonelline contained in Raphanus sativus Cv. Sakurajima Daikon and results from the first trial examining its vasodilator properties in humans. Nutrients, 12(6), 1872. PMID 32585930 PMC 7353243 doi:10.3390/nu12061872</ref> and pumpkin seeds<ref>Adams, G. G., Imran, S., Wang, S., Mohammad, A., Kok, M. S., Gray, D. A., ... & Harding, S. E. (2014). The hypoglycemic effect of pumpkin seeds, Trigonelline (TRG), Nicotinic acid (NA), and D-Chiro-inositol (DCI) in controlling glycemic levels in diabetes mellitus. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 54(10), 1322-1329. PMID 24564589 doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.635816</ref>, has been extensively studied for its numerous biological activities, including antimicrobial,<ref>Anwar, S., Bhandari, U., Panda, B. P., Dubey, K., Khan, W., & Ahmad, S. (2018). Trigonelline inhibits intestinal microbial metabolism of choline and its associated cardiovascular risk. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 159, 100-112.</ref> anticancer, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and anti-hyperlipidemic effects.<ref>Vieira Porto, A. C., & Farah, A. (2019). Potential Effects of Trigonelline and Derivatives on Health. In Coffee: Consumption and Health Implications (pp. 432-455). The Royal Society of Chemistry.</ref> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Apart from plants, trigonelline has been detected in human plasma, serum, and urine.<ref>Mena, P., Bresciani, L., Tassotti, M., Rosi, A., Martini, D., Antonini, M., ... & Del Rio, D. (2021). Effect of different patterns of consumption of coffee and a cocoa-based product containing coffee on the nutrikinetics and urinary excretion of phenolic compounds. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 114(6), 2107-2118.</ref> Trigonelline is a product of niacin metabolism that is excreted in urine of mammals.<ref>Ashihara, H., Ludwig, I. A., Katahira, R., Yokota, T., Fujimura, T., & Crozier, A. (2015). Trigonelline and related nicotinic acid metabolites: occurrence, biosynthesis, taxonomic considerations, and their roles in planta and in human health. Phytochemistry Reviews, 14, 765-798.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Apart from plants, trigonelline has been detected in human plasma, serum, and urine.<ref>Mena, P., Bresciani, L., Tassotti, M., Rosi, A., Martini, D., Antonini, M., ... & Del Rio, D. (2021). Effect of different patterns of consumption of coffee and a cocoa-based product containing coffee on the nutrikinetics and urinary excretion of phenolic compounds. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 114(6), 2107-2118.</ref> Trigonelline is a product of niacin metabolism that is excreted in urine of mammals.<ref>Ashihara, H., Ludwig, I. A., Katahira, R., Yokota, T., Fujimura, T., & Crozier, A. (2015). Trigonelline and related nicotinic acid metabolites: occurrence, biosynthesis, taxonomic considerations, and their roles in planta and in human health. Phytochemistry Reviews, 14, 765-798. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">doi: 10.1007/s11101-014-9375-z</ins></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It has been demonstrated that trigonelline incorporates into the NAD<sup>+</sup> pool and increases [[NAD+]] levels in ''Caenorhabditis elegans'', mice and primary myotubes from healthy individuals and individuals with sarcopenia. Thus it increases lifespan and mobility through an NAD<sup>+</sup>-dependent mechanism requiring [[sirtuins]].<ref>Membrez, M., Migliavacca, E., Christen, S., Yaku, K., Trieu, J., Lee, A. K., ... & Feige, J. N. (2024). Trigonelline is an NAD+ precursor that improves muscle function during ageing and is reduced in human sarcopenia. Nature Metabolism, 6, 433–447 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-024-00997-x</ref> Nutritional supplementation of trigonelline therefore could serve as a NAD<sup>+</sup> boosting strategy that works to attenuate age-related muscle decline.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It has been demonstrated that trigonelline incorporates into the NAD<sup>+</sup> pool and increases [[NAD+]] levels in ''Caenorhabditis elegans'', mice and primary myotubes from healthy individuals and individuals with sarcopenia. Thus it increases lifespan and mobility through an NAD<sup>+</sup>-dependent mechanism requiring [[sirtuins]].<ref>Membrez, M., Migliavacca, E., Christen, S., Yaku, K., Trieu, J., Lee, A. K., ... & Feige, J. N. (2024). Trigonelline is an NAD+ precursor that improves muscle function during ageing and is reduced in human sarcopenia. Nature Metabolism, 6, 433–447 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-024-00997-x</ref> Nutritional supplementation of trigonelline therefore could serve as a NAD<sup>+</sup> boosting strategy that works to attenuate age-related muscle decline.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Mohamadi, N., Sharififar, F.</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pournamdari, M., & Ansari, M. (2018). A review </del>on <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">biosynthesis, analytical techniques, </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pharmacological activities of trigonelline as a plant alkaloid. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 15(2), 207-222</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">PMID: 28816550 [https</del>:<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">//doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2017.1329244 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1329244]</ref></del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Trigonelline functions as an anti-inflammation and antioxidation agent</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">showing various beneficial effects </ins>on <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">many organs </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tissues</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It can</ins>: </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Ashihara, H., Ludwig, I. A., Katahira, R., Yokota, T., Fujimura, T., & Crozier, A. </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2015</del>)<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Trigonelline and related nicotinic acid metabolites: occurrence, biosynthesis, taxonomic considerations, and their roles in planta </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in human health. Phytochemistry Reviews, 14</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">765-798. doi: 10.1007/s11101-014-9375-z</ref></del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">exert a metabolic modulation of glucose </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lipids</ins>, </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ref>Aktar, S., Ferdousi, F., Kondo, S., Kagawa, T., & Isoda, H. (2023). Transcriptomics and biochemical evidence of trigonelline ameliorating learning and memory decline in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) model by suppressing proinflammatory cytokines and elevating neurotransmitter release. GeroScience, 1-21. PMID: 37721682 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00919-x</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(2) help recover from nervous system abnormalities such as neurodegenerative disorders, ischemia-induced brain damage, depression, cognitive impairments, and diabetic peripheral neuropathy, </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(3) mitigate conditions related to Diabetic Mellitus (DM) and its complications, </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(4) protect the cardiovascular system, liver, lungs, kidney, gastric system, and skin, and </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(5) suppress tumor cell proliferation and migration. It exhibits great potential as a natural, systematic health booster, with a good safety profile.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Thus It exhibits great potential as a natural, systematic health booster, with a good safety profile.<ref name="Centr"/></ins><ref>Aktar, S., Ferdousi, F., Kondo, S., Kagawa, T., & Isoda, H. (2023). Transcriptomics and biochemical evidence of trigonelline ameliorating learning and memory decline in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) model by suppressing proinflammatory cytokines and elevating neurotransmitter release. GeroScience, 1-21. PMID: 37721682 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00919-x</ref></div></td></tr>
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</table>Dmitry Dzhagarovhttps://en.longevitywiki.org/index.php?title=NAD%2B&diff=3219&oldid=3126NAD+2024-03-27T19:11:35Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Counteracting NAD+ deficiency with NAD+ precursors</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Counteracting NAD<sup>+</sup> deficiency with NAD<sup>+</sup> precursors ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Counteracting NAD<sup>+</sup> deficiency with NAD<sup>+</sup> precursors ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Boosting intracellular NAD<sup>+</sup> content has been suggested as a potential anti-aging strategy.<ref>Yang, T., Chan, N. Y. K., & Sauve, A. A. (2007). Syntheses of nicotinamide riboside and derivatives: effective agents for increasing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide concentrations in mammalian cells. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 50(26), 6458-6461. PMID: 18052316 DOI: 10.1021/jm701001c</ref><ref>Bonkowski, M. S., & Sinclair, D. A. (2016). Slowing ageing by design: the rise of NAD+ and sirtuin-activating compounds. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology, 17(11), 679-690. PMID: 27552971 PMC[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5107309 5107309] DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.93</ref><ref>Wu, L. E., & Sinclair, D. A. (2016). Restoring stem cells—all you need is NAD+. Cell Research, 26(9), 971-972. PMID: 27339086 PMC[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5034109 5034109] DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.80</ref><ref name="Riboside">Sharma, C., Donu, D., & Cen, Y. (2022). Emerging Role of Nicotinamide Riboside in Health and Diseases. Nutrients, 14(19), 3889. Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 3889; PMID: 36235542 PMC[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9571518 9571518] DOI:[https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193889 10.3390/nu14193889] </ref> Despite limited conclusive evidence, supplements of NAD+ precursors, namely '''[[nicotinamide (NAM)]]''', '''[[niacin|nicotinic acid (NA)]]'''<ref>Pirinen, E., Auranen, M., Khan, N. A., Brilhante, V., Urho, N., Pessia, A., ... & Suomalainen, A. (2020). Niacin cures systemic NAD+ deficiency and improves muscle performance in adult-onset mitochondrial myopathy. Cell metabolism, 31(6), 1078-1090. PMID: 32386566 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.008</ref><ref>[https://youtu.be/7_CY7LrFPwU Niacin Increases NAD (Test Results)]</ref>, '''[[nicotinamide riboside (NR)]]''' and '''[[nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN)]]''', aimed at increasing NAD+ levels are becoming increasingly popular.<ref>Palmer, R. D., Elnashar, M. M., & Vaccarezza, M. (2021). Precursor comparisons for the upregulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Novel approaches for better aging. Aging Medicine, 4(3), 214-220. PMID: 34553119 PMC[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8444956 8444956] DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12170</ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Boosting intracellular NAD<sup>+</sup> content has been suggested as a potential anti-aging strategy.<ref>Yang, T., Chan, N. Y. K., & Sauve, A. A. (2007). Syntheses of nicotinamide riboside and derivatives: effective agents for increasing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide concentrations in mammalian cells. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 50(26), 6458-6461. PMID: 18052316 DOI: 10.1021/jm701001c</ref><ref>Bonkowski, M. S., & Sinclair, D. A. (2016). Slowing ageing by design: the rise of NAD+ and sirtuin-activating compounds. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology, 17(11), 679-690. PMID: 27552971 PMC[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5107309 5107309] DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.93</ref><ref>Wu, L. E., & Sinclair, D. A. (2016). Restoring stem cells—all you need is NAD+. Cell Research, 26(9), 971-972. PMID: 27339086 PMC[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5034109 5034109] DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.80</ref><ref name="Riboside">Sharma, C., Donu, D., & Cen, Y. (2022). Emerging Role of Nicotinamide Riboside in Health and Diseases. Nutrients, 14(19), 3889. Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 3889; PMID: 36235542 PMC[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9571518 9571518] DOI:[https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193889 10.3390/nu14193889] </ref> Despite limited conclusive evidence, supplements of NAD+ precursors, namely '''[[nicotinamide (NAM)]]''', '''[[niacin|nicotinic acid (NA)]]'''<ref>Pirinen, E., Auranen, M., Khan, N. A., Brilhante, V., Urho, N., Pessia, A., ... & Suomalainen, A. (2020). Niacin cures systemic NAD+ deficiency and improves muscle performance in adult-onset mitochondrial myopathy. Cell metabolism, 31(6), 1078-1090. PMID: 32386566 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.008</ref><ref>[https://youtu.be/7_CY7LrFPwU Niacin Increases NAD (Test Results)]</ref>, '''[[nicotinamide riboside (NR)]]''' and '''[[nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN)]]''', aimed at increasing NAD+ levels are becoming increasingly popular.<ref>Palmer, R. D., Elnashar, M. M., & Vaccarezza, M. (2021). Precursor comparisons for the upregulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Novel approaches for better aging. Aging Medicine, 4(3), 214-220. PMID: 34553119 PMC[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8444956 8444956] DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12170<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ref> In addition, nutritional supplementation of '''[[trigonelline]]''' could serve as a NAD+ boosting strategy. <ref>Membrez, M., Migliavacca, E., Christen, S., Yaku, K., Trieu, J., Lee, A. K., ... & Feige, J. N. (2024). Trigonelline is an NAD+ precursor that improves muscle function during ageing and is reduced in human sarcopenia. Nature Metabolism, 6, 433–447 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-024-00997-x</ins></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While it is anticipated that NAD+ precursors can play beneficial protective roles in several conditions, they vary in their ability to promote NAD+ anabolism with differing adverse effects. Careful evaluation of the role of NAD+, whether friend or foe in ageing, should be considered.<ref name="Boosting"/></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While it is anticipated that NAD+ precursors can play beneficial protective roles in several conditions, they vary in their ability to promote NAD+ anabolism with differing adverse effects. Careful evaluation of the role of NAD+, whether friend or foe in ageing, should be considered.<ref name="Boosting"/></div></td></tr>
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</table>Dmitry Dzhagarovhttps://en.longevitywiki.org/index.php?title=Trigonelline&diff=3217&oldid=2973Trigonelline2024-03-27T19:03:33Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:03, 27 March 2024</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Apart from plants, trigonelline has been detected in human plasma, serum, and urine.<ref>Mena, P., Bresciani, L., Tassotti, M., Rosi, A., Martini, D., Antonini, M., ... & Del Rio, D. (2021). Effect of different patterns of consumption of coffee and a cocoa-based product containing coffee on the nutrikinetics and urinary excretion of phenolic compounds. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 114(6), 2107-2118.</ref> Trigonelline is a product of niacin metabolism that is excreted in urine of mammals.<ref>Ashihara, H., Ludwig, I. A., Katahira, R., Yokota, T., Fujimura, T., & Crozier, A. (2015). Trigonelline and related nicotinic acid metabolites: occurrence, biosynthesis, taxonomic considerations, and their roles in planta and in human health. Phytochemistry Reviews, 14, 765-798.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Apart from plants, trigonelline has been detected in human plasma, serum, and urine.<ref>Mena, P., Bresciani, L., Tassotti, M., Rosi, A., Martini, D., Antonini, M., ... & Del Rio, D. (2021). Effect of different patterns of consumption of coffee and a cocoa-based product containing coffee on the nutrikinetics and urinary excretion of phenolic compounds. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 114(6), 2107-2118.</ref> Trigonelline is a product of niacin metabolism that is excreted in urine of mammals.<ref>Ashihara, H., Ludwig, I. A., Katahira, R., Yokota, T., Fujimura, T., & Crozier, A. (2015). Trigonelline and related nicotinic acid metabolites: occurrence, biosynthesis, taxonomic considerations, and their roles in planta and in human health. Phytochemistry Reviews, 14, 765-798.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It has been demonstrated that trigonelline incorporates into the NAD<sup>+</sup> pool and increases [[NAD+]] levels in ''Caenorhabditis elegans'', mice and primary myotubes from healthy individuals and individuals with sarcopenia. Thus it increases lifespan and mobility through an NAD<sup>+</sup>-dependent mechanism requiring [[sirtuins]].<ref>Membrez, M., Migliavacca, E., Christen, S., Yaku, K., Trieu, J., Lee, A. K., ... & Feige, J. N. (2024). Trigonelline is an NAD+ precursor that improves muscle function during ageing and is reduced in human sarcopenia. Nature Metabolism, 6, 433–447 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-024-00997-x</ref> Nutritional supplementation of trigonelline therefore could serve as a NAD<sup>+</sup> boosting strategy that works to attenuate age-related muscle decline.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ref>Mohamadi, N., Sharififar, F., Pournamdari, M., & Ansari, M. (2018). A review on biosynthesis, analytical techniques, and pharmacological activities of trigonelline as a plant alkaloid. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 15(2), 207-222. PMID: 28816550 [https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2017.1329244 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1329244]</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ref>Mohamadi, N., Sharififar, F., Pournamdari, M., & Ansari, M. (2018). A review on biosynthesis, analytical techniques, and pharmacological activities of trigonelline as a plant alkaloid. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 15(2), 207-222. PMID: 28816550 [https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2017.1329244 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1329244]</ref></div></td></tr>
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</table>Dmitry Dzhagarovhttps://en.longevitywiki.org/index.php?title=Epigenetic_reprogramming&diff=3216&oldid=3192Epigenetic reprogramming2024-03-27T18:16:59Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Epigenetics</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:16, 27 March 2024</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Epigenetics ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Epigenetics ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Epigenetics refers to the study of heritable yet modifiable features or marks on the genome which contribute to gene expression. These features impact the chromatin structure without any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA and function to regulate how genes are transcribed into proteins.<ref name=":0">Moosavi, A., & Ardekani, A. M. (2016). Role of epigenetics in biology and human diseases. In ''Iranian Biomedical Journal'' (Vol. 20, Issue 5, pp. 246–258). Pasteur Institute of Iran. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.22045/ibj.2016.01</nowiki></ref><ref name=":1">''Genetics, Epigenetic Mechanism - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf''. (n.d.). Retrieved September 8, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532999/?report=classic</nowiki></ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Epigenetics refers to the study of heritable yet modifiable features or marks on the genome which contribute to gene expression. These features impact the chromatin structure without any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA and function to regulate how genes are transcribed into proteins.<ref name=":0">Moosavi, A., & Ardekani, A. M. (2016). Role of epigenetics in biology and human diseases. In ''Iranian Biomedical Journal'' (Vol. 20, Issue 5, pp. 246–258). Pasteur Institute of Iran. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.22045/ibj.2016.01</nowiki></ref><ref name=":1">''Genetics, Epigenetic Mechanism - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf''. (n.d.). Retrieved September 8, 2021, from <nowiki>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532999/?report=classic</nowiki></ref> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The forms of youthful information storage have been reported to include DNA modifications, histone modifications, RNA modifications, noncoding (nc)RNAs, DNA–RNA hybrids such as R-loops, and protein–DNA interactions.<ref>Aging Biomarker Consortium, Bao, H., Cao, J., Chen, M., Chen, M., Chen, W., ... & Liu, G. H. (2023). Biomarkers of aging. Science China Life Sciences, 66(5), 893-1066. PMID: 37076725 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10115486/ PMC10115486] DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2305-0</ref><ref>Wu, Z., Zhang, W., Qu, J., & Liu, G. H. (2024). Emerging epigenetic insights into aging mechanisms and interventions. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 45(2), 157-172 PMID: 38216430 [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2023.12.002 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.12.002]</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most prominent and well-studied of these epigenetic features is DNA methylation.<ref>Reik, W., Dean, W., & Walter, J. (2001). Epigenetic reprogramming in mammalian development. In ''Science'' (Vol. 293, Issue 5532, pp. 1089–1093). American Association for the Advancement of Science. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1063443</nowiki></ref><ref>Li, Y. (2021). Modern epigenetics methods in biological research. ''Methods'', ''187'', 104–113. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/J.YMETH.2020.06.022</nowiki></ref> Measurements of DNA methylation patterns have also been used to form the basis for [[Epigenetic clock|epigenetic aging clocks]], as a potential measure of biological age across the mammalian kingdom.<ref>Horvath, S. (2013). DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. ''Genome Biology'', ''14''(10). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2013-14-10-r115</nowiki></ref> Other epigenetic changes include histone modifications and non-coding RNA (ncRNA) mediated gene silencing.<ref name=":1" /></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most prominent and well-studied of these epigenetic features is DNA methylation.<ref>Reik, W., Dean, W., & Walter, J. (2001). Epigenetic reprogramming in mammalian development. In ''Science'' (Vol. 293, Issue 5532, pp. 1089–1093). American Association for the Advancement of Science. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1063443</nowiki></ref><ref>Li, Y. (2021). Modern epigenetics methods in biological research. ''Methods'', ''187'', 104–113. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/J.YMETH.2020.06.022</nowiki></ref> Measurements of DNA methylation patterns have also been used to form the basis for [[Epigenetic clock|epigenetic aging clocks]], as a potential measure of biological age across the mammalian kingdom.<ref>Horvath, S. (2013). DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. ''Genome Biology'', ''14''(10). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2013-14-10-r115</nowiki></ref> Other epigenetic changes include histone modifications and non-coding RNA (ncRNA) mediated gene silencing.<ref name=":1" /></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Epigenetic reprogramming as a rejuvenation strategy ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Epigenetic reprogramming as a rejuvenation strategy ==</div></td></tr>
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</table>Dmitry Dzhagarovhttps://en.longevitywiki.org/index.php?title=Gompertz-Makeham_law_of_mortality&diff=3203&oldid=2336Gompertz-Makeham law of mortality2024-03-22T03:56:19Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">= Mortality in people with diabetes</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:56, 22 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en-GB">(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Gompertz-Makeham Law of Mortality.jpg|thumb|143x143px|Gompertz-Makeham Law of Mortality, where ''μ(x)'' indicates mortality rate, ''α'' and ''β'' are constants, and ''γ'' represents factors unrelated to age which contribute to mortality.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Gompertz-Makeham Law of Mortality.jpg|thumb|143x143px|Gompertz-Makeham Law of Mortality, where ''μ(x)'' indicates mortality rate, ''α'' and ''β'' are constants, and ''γ'' represents factors unrelated to age which contribute to mortality.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Gompertz-Makeham law of mortality is an equation which shows the increase in mortality rates for organisms as they age.<ref name=":0">''Gompertz-Makeham_law_of_mortality''. (n.d.). Retrieved August 7, 2022, from <nowiki>https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Gompertz-Makeham_law_of_mortality.html</nowiki></ref><gallery></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Gompertz-Makeham law of mortality is an equation which shows the increase in mortality rates for organisms as they age.<ref name=":0">''Gompertz-Makeham_law_of_mortality''. (n.d.). Retrieved August 7, 2022, from <nowiki>https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Gompertz-Makeham_law_of_mortality.html</nowiki></ref><gallery></gallery> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Gompertz law is based on the observation that biological processes in the body change with aging, resulting in a higher risk for illnesses and ultimately death. The mortality rate does not grow linearly, but exponentially, meaning that it continues to accelerate with age. This exponential change is observed virtually universally, both across regions and time.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== History ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== History ==</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== The Gompertz Law as an intrinsic principle of aging ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== The Gompertz Law as an intrinsic principle of aging ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The neatness and simplicity of the Gompertz law (the original, simpler version of the Gompertz-Makeham law of mortality) has prompted some researchers to speculate that it is a fundamental law of nature, akin to some of the laws of physics.<ref name=":1" /> For example, when it is written as m<sub>t</sub> = S<sub>t</sub>kc''e''<sup>kt</sup>, where m<sub>t</sub> is the mortality rate, S<sub>t</sub> is the proportion of survivors of the original population, and k and c are free parameters, researchers working with the University of Groningen have suggested that k and c may represent biological characteristics. They suggest that the parameter "k" might represent the accumulation of random damage or perturbations, while "c" might represent the vitality of an organism.<ref name=":3" /></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The neatness and simplicity of the Gompertz law (the original, simpler version of the Gompertz-Makeham law of mortality) has prompted some researchers to speculate that it is a fundamental law of nature, akin to some of the laws of physics.<ref name=":1" /> For example, when it is written as m<sub>t</sub> = S<sub>t</sub>kc''e''<sup>kt</sup>, where m<sub>t</sub> is the mortality rate, S<sub>t</sub> is the proportion of survivors of the original population, and k and c are free parameters, researchers working with the University of Groningen have suggested that k and c may represent biological characteristics. They suggest that the parameter "k" might represent the accumulation of random damage or perturbations, while "c" might represent the vitality of an organism.<ref name=":3" /></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Gompertz models ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== Mortality in people with diabetes ===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Data analysis of all statutory health-insured persons (more than 47 million observations, of which over 6 million have diabetes) in in Germany in 2013 shows that mortality in people with diabetes constantly rises by 8.3% for males and 10.2% for females each year from the age of 30 (age range 30– > 95 years) and the probability that a person with diabetes dies before a person without diabetes is 61.9% for females and 63.3% for males. The survival information of the population with diabetes during a large part of the lifespan can thus be reduced to the two parameters of the Gompertz distribution.<ref>Kuss, O., Baumert, J., Schmidt, C., & Tönnies, T. (2024). Mortality of type 2 diabetes in Germany: additional insights from Gompertz models. Acta Diabetologica, 1-7. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38466430/ PMID: 38466430] [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-024-02237-w DOI: 10.1007/s00592-024-02237-w]</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== References ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== References ==</div></td></tr>
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</table>Dmitry Dzhagarov