Extracellular vesicles - Revision history

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* Preconditioning of the cells that secrete the EVs */

2023-11-07T18:36:32Z

Preconditioning of the cells that secrete the EVs

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:36, 7 November 2023
Line 70:		Line 70:
	In particular MSCs or their exosomes can be more efficacious after being pretreated with '''non-coding RNAs, growth factors, anti-inflammatory or inflammatory mediators, and hypoxia'''. Similarly, viral vector-mediated '''overexpression of particular genes''' can augment the protective effects of MSCs on goal of therapy.<ref>Ning, Y., Huang, P., Chen, G., Xiong, Y., Gong, Z., Wu, C., ... & Yang, Y. (2023). Atorvastatin-pretreated mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote cardiac repair after myocardial infarction via shifting macrophage polarization by targeting microRNA-139-3p/Stat1 pathway. BMC medicine, 21(1), 1-18. PMID: 36927608 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10022054/ PMC10022054] DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02778-x</ref>		In particular MSCs or their exosomes can be more efficacious after being pretreated with '''non-coding RNAs, growth factors, anti-inflammatory or inflammatory mediators, and hypoxia'''. Similarly, viral vector-mediated '''overexpression of particular genes''' can augment the protective effects of MSCs on goal of therapy.<ref>Ning, Y., Huang, P., Chen, G., Xiong, Y., Gong, Z., Wu, C., ... & Yang, Y. (2023). Atorvastatin-pretreated mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote cardiac repair after myocardial infarction via shifting macrophage polarization by targeting microRNA-139-3p/Stat1 pathway. BMC medicine, 21(1), 1-18. PMID: 36927608 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10022054/ PMC10022054] DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02778-x</ref>

	EVs secreted by hypoxic preconditioned cells have been shown to promote the proliferation of a variety of cell types.<ref>Liu, W., Li, L., Rong, Y., Qian, D., Chen, J., Zhou, Z., Luo, Y., Jiang, D., Cheng, L., Zhao, S., et al. (2020). Hypoxic mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote bone fracture healing by the transfer of miR-126. Acta Biomater. 103, 196–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.12.020.</ref><ref>Deng, J., Wang, X., Zhang, W., Sun, L., Han, X., Tong, X., ... & Liu, Y. (2023). Versatile hypoxic extracellular vesicles laden in an injectable and bioactive hydrogel for accelerated bone regeneration. Advanced Functional Materials, 33(21), 2211664. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202211664</ref>		EVs secreted by hypoxic preconditioned cells have been shown to promote the proliferation of a variety of cell types.<ref>Liu, W., Li, L., Rong, Y., Qian, D., Chen, J., Zhou, Z., Luo, Y., Jiang, D., Cheng, L., Zhao, S., et al. (2020). Hypoxic mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote bone fracture healing by the transfer of miR-126. Acta Biomater. 103, 196–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.12.020.</ref><ref>Chang, L. H., Wu, S. C., Chen, C. H., Chen, J. W., Huang, W. C., Wu, C. W., ... & Ho, M. L. (2023). Exosomes Derived from Hypoxia-Cultured Human Adipose Stem Cells Alleviate Articular Chondrocyte Inflammaging and Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis Progression. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(17), 13414. PMID: 37686220 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10487932/ PMC10487932] DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713414</ref><ref>Deng, J., Wang, X., Zhang, W., Sun, L., Han, X., Tong, X., ... & Liu, Y. (2023). Versatile hypoxic extracellular vesicles laden in an injectable and bioactive hydrogel for accelerated bone regeneration. Advanced Functional Materials, 33(21), 2211664. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202211664</ref>

	== ‎Further reading ==		== ‎Further reading ==

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* Strategies for Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles */

2023-11-07T17:41:02Z

Strategies for Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:41, 7 November 2023
Line 64:		Line 64:

	<ref>Danilushkina, A. A., Emene, C. C., Barlev, N. A., & Gomzikova, M. O. (2023). Strategies for Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(17), 13247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713247</ref>		<ref>Danilushkina, A. A., Emene, C. C., Barlev, N. A., & Gomzikova, M. O. (2023). Strategies for Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(17), 13247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713247</ref>

			=== Preconditioning of the cells that secrete the EVs ===
			EVs are an important component of cell communication and they carry a cargo that is similar to their parent cell. Cells respond differently based on their microenvironment, and so it is expected that the therapeutic potential of these vesicles can be modulated by the enrichment of their parent cell microenvironment. There are various ways to increase the therapeutic efficacy of extracellular vesicles through different methods for MSC preconditioning, including '''chemical induction, culture conditions, '''and''' genetic modifications'''.<ref>Hertel, F. C., Silva, A. S. D., Sabino, A. D. P., Valente, F. L., & Reis, E. C. C. (2022). Preconditioning methods to improve mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles in bone regeneration—a systematic review. Biology, 11(5), 733. PMID: 35625461 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9138769/ PMC9138769] DOI: 10.3390/biology11050733</ref><ref>Haupt, M., Gerner, S. T., Huttner, H. B., & Doeppner, T. R. (2023). Preconditioning Concepts for the Therapeutic Use of Extracellular Vesicles Against Stroke. Stem Cells Translational Medicine, 12(11), 707-713. PMID: 37696005 [https://doi.org/10.1093/stcltm/szad055 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szad055]</ref><ref>Ala, M. (2023). The beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes on myocardial infarction and critical considerations for enhancing their efficacy. Ageing Research Reviews, 101980. PMID: 37302757 [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2023.101980 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101980]</ref>

			In particular MSCs or their exosomes can be more efficacious after being pretreated with '''non-coding RNAs, growth factors, anti-inflammatory or inflammatory mediators, and hypoxia'''. Similarly, viral vector-mediated '''overexpression of particular genes''' can augment the protective effects of MSCs on goal of therapy.<ref>Ning, Y., Huang, P., Chen, G., Xiong, Y., Gong, Z., Wu, C., ... & Yang, Y. (2023). Atorvastatin-pretreated mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote cardiac repair after myocardial infarction via shifting macrophage polarization by targeting microRNA-139-3p/Stat1 pathway. BMC medicine, 21(1), 1-18. PMID: 36927608 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10022054/ PMC10022054] DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02778-x</ref>

			EVs secreted by hypoxic preconditioned cells have been shown to promote the proliferation of a variety of cell types.<ref>Liu, W., Li, L., Rong, Y., Qian, D., Chen, J., Zhou, Z., Luo, Y., Jiang, D., Cheng, L., Zhao, S., et al. (2020). Hypoxic mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote bone fracture healing by the transfer of miR-126. Acta Biomater. 103, 196–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.12.020.</ref><ref>Deng, J., Wang, X., Zhang, W., Sun, L., Han, X., Tong, X., ... & Liu, Y. (2023). Versatile hypoxic extracellular vesicles laden in an injectable and bioactive hydrogel for accelerated bone regeneration. Advanced Functional Materials, 33(21), 2211664. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202211664</ref>

	== ‎Further reading ==		== ‎Further reading ==

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* Extracellular Vesicles from Urine and Urine-derived Stem Cell */

2023-09-15T17:16:30Z

Extracellular Vesicles from Urine and Urine-derived Stem Cell

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:16, 15 September 2023
Line 48:		Line 48:
	==== Extracellular Vesicles from Urine and Urine-derived Stem Cell ====		==== Extracellular Vesicles from Urine and Urine-derived Stem Cell ====
	The presence of EVs in normal urine was first documented by electron microscopy images of pelletable material (100,000 × g ultracentrifugation) in 1986.<ref>Wiggins, R. C. , Glatfelter, A. , Kshirsagar, B. , & Brukman, J. (1986). Procoagulant activity in normal human urine associated with subcellular particles. Kidney International 29(2), 591–597. PMID: 3702215 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1986.39</ref>		The presence of EVs in normal urine was first documented by electron microscopy images of pelletable material (100,000 × g ultracentrifugation) in 1986.<ref>Wiggins, R. C. , Glatfelter, A. , Kshirsagar, B. , & Brukman, J. (1986). Procoagulant activity in normal human urine associated with subcellular particles. Kidney International 29(2), 591–597. PMID: 3702215 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1986.39</ref>
	Urine can be collected non-invasively and repeatedly and then used to prepare small portions of extracellular vesicles that can be frozen and pooled later.<ref>Dong, Y. J., Hu, J. J., Song, Y. T., Gao, Y. Y., Zheng, M. J., Zou, C. Y., ... & Xie, H. Q. (~~2923~~) Extracellular Vesicles from Urine-derived Stem Cell for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Tissue engineering. Part B, Reviews. PMID: 37603497 DOI: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2023.0100</ref> To isolate urinary extracellular vesicles, one can, for example, use an easily adoptable protocol of polyethylene glycol-based isolation.<ref>Singh, A. D., Patnam, S., Manocha, A., Bashyam, L., Rengan, A. K., & Sasidhar, M. V. (2023). Polyethylene glycol-based isolation of urinary extracellular vesicles, an easily adoptable protocol. MethodsX, 102310. PMID: 37608961 PMCID: PMC10440582 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102310</ref> Precipitation by polyethylene glycol (PEG) is fast, cost-effective, and has the highest extracellular vesicles recovery rate but is associated with low EV purity, aggregation, and retention of the polymer.<ref>Konoshenko, M. Y., Lekchnov, E. A., Bryzgunova, O. E., Kiseleva, E., Pyshnaya, I. A., & Laktionov, P. P. (2021). Isolation of extracellular vesicles from biological fluids via the aggregation–precipitation approach for downstream miRNAs detection. Diagnostics, 11(3), 384. PMID: 33668297 PMC7996260 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030384</ref><ref>Yakubovich, E. I., Polischouk, A. G., & Evtushenko, V. I. (2022). Principles and problems of exosome isolation from biological fluids. Biochemistry (Moscow), Supplement Series A: Membrane and Cell Biology, 16(2), 115-126. PMID: 35730027 PMC9202659 DOI: 10.1134/S1990747822030096</ref><ref>Erdbrügger, U., Blijdorp, C. J., Bijnsdorp, I. V., Borràs, F. E., Burger, D., Bussolati, B., ... & Martens‐Uzunova, E. S. (2021). Urinary extracellular vesicles: A position paper by the Urine Task Force of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 10(7). PMID: 34035881 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8138533 PMC: 8138533]] DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12093</ref>		Urine can be collected non-invasively and repeatedly and then used to prepare small portions of extracellular vesicles that can be frozen and pooled later.<ref>Dong, Y. J., Hu, J. J., Song, Y. T., Gao, Y. Y., Zheng, M. J., Zou, C. Y., ... & Xie, H. Q. (2023) Extracellular Vesicles from Urine-derived Stem Cell for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Tissue engineering. Part B, Reviews. PMID: 37603497 DOI: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2023.0100</ref> To isolate urinary extracellular vesicles, one can, for example, use an easily adoptable protocol of polyethylene glycol-based isolation.<ref>Singh, A. D., Patnam, S., Manocha, A., Bashyam, L., Rengan, A. K., & Sasidhar, M. V. (2023). Polyethylene glycol-based isolation of urinary extracellular vesicles, an easily adoptable protocol. MethodsX, 102310. PMID: 37608961 PMCID: PMC10440582 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102310</ref> Precipitation by polyethylene glycol (PEG) is fast, cost-effective, and has the highest extracellular vesicles recovery rate but is associated with low EV purity, aggregation, and retention of the polymer.<ref>Konoshenko, M. Y., Lekchnov, E. A., Bryzgunova, O. E., Kiseleva, E., Pyshnaya, I. A., & Laktionov, P. P. (2021). Isolation of extracellular vesicles from biological fluids via the aggregation–precipitation approach for downstream miRNAs detection. Diagnostics, 11(3), 384. PMID: 33668297 PMC7996260 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030384</ref><ref>Yakubovich, E. I., Polischouk, A. G., & Evtushenko, V. I. (2022). Principles and problems of exosome isolation from biological fluids. Biochemistry (Moscow), Supplement Series A: Membrane and Cell Biology, 16(2), 115-126. PMID: 35730027 PMC9202659 DOI: 10.1134/S1990747822030096</ref><ref>Erdbrügger, U., Blijdorp, C. J., Bijnsdorp, I. V., Borràs, F. E., Burger, D., Bussolati, B., ... & Martens‐Uzunova, E. S. (2021). Urinary extracellular vesicles: A position paper by the Urine Task Force of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 10(7). PMID: 34035881 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8138533 PMC: 8138533]] DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12093</ref>

	==== Extruded cell nanovesicles ====		==== Extruded cell nanovesicles ====

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* Therapeutic Roles of EV */

2023-09-09T20:11:40Z

Therapeutic Roles of EV

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:11, 9 September 2023
Line 60:		Line 60:
	=== Exosomes as the delivery agents for reprogramming ===		=== Exosomes as the delivery agents for reprogramming ===
	Commonly, viruses are used as delivery agents of DNA/RNA molecules for reprogramming. However, they are problematic in that certain viruses (retrovirus, lentivirus) are integrating and for others (AAVs) there exists a significant number of individuals with immunity against them. In contrast to viruses, exosomes are not recognized by the host immune system and they are naturally adapted to delivering multiple molecules. Moreover, they may display selective transmission of the genetic information to the tissue/cell, probably on account of their high expression levels of adhesion molecules, such as integrins and tetraspanins, with their potential capability to select target. For instance, C166-derived exosomes are an effective delivery agent in that they appear to be selective for cardiac fibroblasts in vivo. C166-derived exosomes are readily taken up by cardiac fibroblasts while rarely internalized by cardiomyocytes or endothelial cells.<ref>Sun, H., Wang, X., Pratt, R. E., Hodgkinson, C., & Dzau, V. (2023). C166 Exosomes are a Novel Fibroblast Selective Delivery System Which Potentiates miR Cardiac Reprogramming. JACC: Basic to Translational Science. Available at SSRN 4279247. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4279247</ref> This made it possible to successfully reprogram ''in situ'' adult cardiac fibroblasts into neonatal fibroblasts which tend to produce more collagen, nestin and smooth muscle actin than their adult counterparts and being associated with improved healing outcomes due to their regenerative capacity.<ref>Sun, H., Pratt, R. E., Dzau, V. J., & Hodgkinson, C. P. (2023). Neonatal and adult cardiac fibroblasts exhibit inherent differences in cardiac regenerative capacity. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 104694. PMID: 37044217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104694</ref>		Commonly, viruses are used as delivery agents of DNA/RNA molecules for reprogramming. However, they are problematic in that certain viruses (retrovirus, lentivirus) are integrating and for others (AAVs) there exists a significant number of individuals with immunity against them. In contrast to viruses, exosomes are not recognized by the host immune system and they are naturally adapted to delivering multiple molecules. Moreover, they may display selective transmission of the genetic information to the tissue/cell, probably on account of their high expression levels of adhesion molecules, such as integrins and tetraspanins, with their potential capability to select target. For instance, C166-derived exosomes are an effective delivery agent in that they appear to be selective for cardiac fibroblasts in vivo. C166-derived exosomes are readily taken up by cardiac fibroblasts while rarely internalized by cardiomyocytes or endothelial cells.<ref>Sun, H., Wang, X., Pratt, R. E., Hodgkinson, C., & Dzau, V. (2023). C166 Exosomes are a Novel Fibroblast Selective Delivery System Which Potentiates miR Cardiac Reprogramming. JACC: Basic to Translational Science. Available at SSRN 4279247. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4279247</ref> This made it possible to successfully reprogram ''in situ'' adult cardiac fibroblasts into neonatal fibroblasts which tend to produce more collagen, nestin and smooth muscle actin than their adult counterparts and being associated with improved healing outcomes due to their regenerative capacity.<ref>Sun, H., Pratt, R. E., Dzau, V. J., & Hodgkinson, C. P. (2023). Neonatal and adult cardiac fibroblasts exhibit inherent differences in cardiac regenerative capacity. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 104694. PMID: 37044217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104694</ref>

			== Strategies for Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles ==

			<ref>Danilushkina, A. A., Emene, C. C., Barlev, N. A., & Gomzikova, M. O. (2023). Strategies for Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(17), 13247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713247</ref>

	== ‎Further reading ==		== ‎Further reading ==

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* Therapeutic Roles of EV */

2023-08-30T19:59:00Z

Therapeutic Roles of EV

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:59, 30 August 2023
Line 45:		Line 45:

	In experiments with exosomes, modified with miRNAs it was found that elevated miR-26a enhanced axonal growth in hippocampal neurons and axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system, and that exosomes with overexpressed miR-26a could activate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway to enhance axonal growth and renewal in the nervous system, thus promoting neurogenesis.<ref>Zhang, X., Hou, X., Te, L., Zhongsheng, Z., Jiang, J., & Wu, X. (2022). Mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes improve cognitive function in the aging brain by promoting neurogenesis. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 14:1010562 PMID: 36329874 PMC:[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9623286 link] DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1010562</ref><ref>Dabrowska, S., Andrzejewska, A., Lukomska, B., & Janowski, M. (2019). Neuroinflammation as a target for treatment of stroke using mesenchymal stem cells and extracellular vesicles. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 16(1), 178-195. PMID: 31514749 PMC:[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6743114 link] DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1571-8</ref>		In experiments with exosomes, modified with miRNAs it was found that elevated miR-26a enhanced axonal growth in hippocampal neurons and axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system, and that exosomes with overexpressed miR-26a could activate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway to enhance axonal growth and renewal in the nervous system, thus promoting neurogenesis.<ref>Zhang, X., Hou, X., Te, L., Zhongsheng, Z., Jiang, J., & Wu, X. (2022). Mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes improve cognitive function in the aging brain by promoting neurogenesis. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 14:1010562 PMID: 36329874 PMC:[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9623286 link] DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1010562</ref><ref>Dabrowska, S., Andrzejewska, A., Lukomska, B., & Janowski, M. (2019). Neuroinflammation as a target for treatment of stroke using mesenchymal stem cells and extracellular vesicles. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 16(1), 178-195. PMID: 31514749 PMC:[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6743114 link] DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1571-8</ref>

			==== Extracellular Vesicles from Urine and Urine-derived Stem Cell ====
			The presence of EVs in normal urine was first documented by electron microscopy images of pelletable material (100,000 × g ultracentrifugation) in 1986.<ref>Wiggins, R. C. , Glatfelter, A. , Kshirsagar, B. , & Brukman, J. (1986). Procoagulant activity in normal human urine associated with subcellular particles. Kidney International 29(2), 591–597. PMID: 3702215 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1986.39</ref>
			Urine can be collected non-invasively and repeatedly and then used to prepare small portions of extracellular vesicles that can be frozen and pooled later.<ref>Dong, Y. J., Hu, J. J., Song, Y. T., Gao, Y. Y., Zheng, M. J., Zou, C. Y., ... & Xie, H. Q. (2923) Extracellular Vesicles from Urine-derived Stem Cell for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Tissue engineering. Part B, Reviews. PMID: 37603497 DOI: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2023.0100</ref> To isolate urinary extracellular vesicles, one can, for example, use an easily adoptable protocol of polyethylene glycol-based isolation.<ref>Singh, A. D., Patnam, S., Manocha, A., Bashyam, L., Rengan, A. K., & Sasidhar, M. V. (2023). Polyethylene glycol-based isolation of urinary extracellular vesicles, an easily adoptable protocol. MethodsX, 102310. PMID: 37608961 PMCID: PMC10440582 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102310</ref> Precipitation by polyethylene glycol (PEG) is fast, cost-effective, and has the highest extracellular vesicles recovery rate but is associated with low EV purity, aggregation, and retention of the polymer.<ref>Konoshenko, M. Y., Lekchnov, E. A., Bryzgunova, O. E., Kiseleva, E., Pyshnaya, I. A., & Laktionov, P. P. (2021). Isolation of extracellular vesicles from biological fluids via the aggregation–precipitation approach for downstream miRNAs detection. Diagnostics, 11(3), 384. PMID: 33668297 PMC7996260 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030384</ref><ref>Yakubovich, E. I., Polischouk, A. G., & Evtushenko, V. I. (2022). Principles and problems of exosome isolation from biological fluids. Biochemistry (Moscow), Supplement Series A: Membrane and Cell Biology, 16(2), 115-126. PMID: 35730027 PMC9202659 DOI: 10.1134/S1990747822030096</ref><ref>Erdbrügger, U., Blijdorp, C. J., Bijnsdorp, I. V., Borràs, F. E., Burger, D., Bussolati, B., ... & Martens‐Uzunova, E. S. (2021). Urinary extracellular vesicles: A position paper by the Urine Task Force of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 10(7). PMID: 34035881 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8138533 PMC: 8138533]] DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12093</ref>

	==== Extruded cell nanovesicles ====		==== Extruded cell nanovesicles ====

Dmitry Dzhagarov at 04:43, 24 August 2023

2023-08-24T04:43:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:43, 24 August 2023
Line 11:		Line 11:
	# '''Exophers''' are the 3.5–4-μm large type of EV, which contain damaged mitochondria and protein aggregates		# '''Exophers''' are the 3.5–4-μm large type of EV, which contain damaged mitochondria and protein aggregates
	[[File:EV.jpg\|thumb\|Extracellular vesicles (EVs) propagate the state of their source cell. As cells become senescent or enter a damaged state, EV secretion increases. EVs secreted by these unhealthy cells may induce inflammation or damage responses in the recipient cells, eventually inducing a similar unhealthy state in these cells. In contrast, EVs secreted by healthy tissue provide trophic support and promote the maintenance of homeostasis in recipient cells (according to article.<ref name="Friends"/>)]]		[[File:EV.jpg\|thumb\|Extracellular vesicles (EVs) propagate the state of their source cell. As cells become senescent or enter a damaged state, EV secretion increases. EVs secreted by these unhealthy cells may induce inflammation or damage responses in the recipient cells, eventually inducing a similar unhealthy state in these cells. In contrast, EVs secreted by healthy tissue provide trophic support and promote the maintenance of homeostasis in recipient cells (according to article.<ref name="Friends"/>)]]
	[[File:EV PMC8493967.jpg\|thumb\|The unique cargo including protein, mRNA, and miRNA contained in circulating EVs during aging and longevity control (according to article.<ref name="Friends"/>)]]		[[File:EV PMC8493967.jpg\|thumb\|The unique cargo including protein, mRNA, and miRNA contained in circulating EVs during aging and longevity control (according to article.<ref name="Friends"/>) Later Yu et al. found that '''miR-15b-5p''' and '''miR-290a-5p''' were highly enriched in ESC-EVs, and induced rejuvenation by silencing the Ccn2-mediated AKT/mTOR pathway. These results demonstrate that miR-15b-5p and miR-290a-5p function as potent activators of rejuvenation mediated by ESC-EVs.<ref>Yu, L., Wen, H., Liu, C., Wang, C., Yu, H., Zhang, K., ... & Liu, N. (2023). Embryonic stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles rejuvenate senescent cells and antagonize aging in mice. Bioactive Materials, 29, 85-97. PMID: 37449253 PMC:[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10336196 10336196] DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.06.011</ref>]]

	== The role of extracellular vesicles in cellular senescence ==		== The role of extracellular vesicles in cellular senescence ==

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* ‎Further reading */

2023-08-24T02:44:04Z

‎Further reading

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:44, 24 August 2023
Line 63:		Line 63:
	* Erdbrügger, U., Blijdorp, C. J., Bijnsdorp, I. V., Borràs, F. E., Burger, D., Bussolati, B., ... & Martens‐Uzunova, E. S. (2021). Urinary extracellular vesicles: A position paper by the Urine Task Force of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 10(7). PMID: 34035881 PMC:[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8138533 8138533] DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12093		* Erdbrügger, U., Blijdorp, C. J., Bijnsdorp, I. V., Borràs, F. E., Burger, D., Bussolati, B., ... & Martens‐Uzunova, E. S. (2021). Urinary extracellular vesicles: A position paper by the Urine Task Force of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 10(7). PMID: 34035881 PMC:[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8138533 8138533] DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12093
	* Bajo-Santos, C., Priedols, M., Kaukis, P., Paidere, G., Gerulis-Bergmanis, R., Mozolevskis, G., ... & Rimsa, R. (2023). Extracellular Vesicles Isolation from Large Volume Samples Using a Polydimethylsiloxane-Free Microfluidic Device. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(9), 7971. PMID: 37175677 PMC:[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10178709 10178709] DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097971		* Bajo-Santos, C., Priedols, M., Kaukis, P., Paidere, G., Gerulis-Bergmanis, R., Mozolevskis, G., ... & Rimsa, R. (2023). Extracellular Vesicles Isolation from Large Volume Samples Using a Polydimethylsiloxane-Free Microfluidic Device. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(9), 7971. PMID: 37175677 PMC:[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10178709 10178709] DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097971
			* Grigorian Shamagian, L., Rogers, R. G., Luther, K., Angert, D., Echavez, A., Liu, W., ... & Marbán, E. (2023). [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-39370-5 Rejuvenating effects of young extracellular vesicles in aged rats and in cellular models of human senescence]. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 12240. PMID: 37507448 PMC10382547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39370-5
			* Yu, L., Wen, H., Liu, C., Wang, C., Yu, H., Zhang, K., ... & Liu, N. (2023). Embryonic stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles rejuvenate senescent cells and antagonize aging in mice. Bioactive Materials, 29, 85-97. PMID: 37449253 PMC:[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10336196 10336196] DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.06.011
			* Misawa, T., Hitomi, K., Miyata, K., Tanaka, Y., Fujii, R., Chiba, M., ... & Takahashi, A. (2023). Identification of Novel Senescent Markers in Small Extracellular Vesicles. International journal of molecular sciences, 24(3), 2421. PMID: 36768745 PMC:[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9916821 link] [https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032421]


	* <ref>Xu, D., & Tahara, H. (2013). The role of exosomes and microRNAs in senescence and aging. Advanced drug delivery reviews, 65(3), 368-375.		* <ref>Xu, D., & Tahara, H. (2013). The role of exosomes and microRNAs in senescence and aging. Advanced drug delivery reviews, 65(3), 368-375.
Line 73:		Line 77:
	* <ref>Guix, F. X. (2020). The interplay between aging‐associated loss of protein homeostasis and extracellular vesicles in neurodegeneration. Journal of neuroscience research, 98(2), 262-283. PMID: 31549445 DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.24526 link]</ref>		* <ref>Guix, F. X. (2020). The interplay between aging‐associated loss of protein homeostasis and extracellular vesicles in neurodegeneration. Journal of neuroscience research, 98(2), 262-283. PMID: 31549445 DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.24526 link]</ref>
	* <ref>Misawa, T., Tanaka, Y., Okada, R., & Takahashi, A. (2020). Biology of extracellular vesicles secreted from senescent cells as senescence‐associated secretory phenotype factors. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 20(6), 539-546. PMID: 32358923 DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13928 link]</ref>		* <ref>Misawa, T., Tanaka, Y., Okada, R., & Takahashi, A. (2020). Biology of extracellular vesicles secreted from senescent cells as senescence‐associated secretory phenotype factors. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 20(6), 539-546. PMID: 32358923 DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13928 link]</ref>
	* <ref name="Markers">Misawa, T., Hitomi, K., Miyata, K., Tanaka, Y., Fujii, R., Chiba, M., ... & Takahashi, A. (2023). Identification of Novel Senescent Markers in Small Extracellular Vesicles. International journal of molecular sciences, 24(3), 2421. PMID: 36768745 PMC:[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9916821 link] DOI: [https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032421 link]</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* ‎Further reading */

2023-06-17T12:11:28Z

‎Further reading

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:11, 17 June 2023
Line 58:		Line 58:

	== ‎Further reading ==		== ‎Further reading ==
			* Syromiatnikova, V., Prokopeva, A., & Gomzikova, M. (2022). Methods of the Large-Scale Production of Extracellular Vesicles. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(18), 10522. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810522 10.3390/ijms231810522]
			* Son, J. P., Kim, E. H., Shin, E. K., Kim, D. H., Sung, J. H., Oh, M. J., ... & Bang, O. Y. (2023). Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Extracellular Vesicle Therapy for Stroke: Scalable Production and Imaging Biomarker Studies. Stem Cells Translational Medicine, szad034. PMID: 37311045 DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1093/stcltm/szad034 10.1093/stcltm/szad034]
			* Ju, Y., Hu, Y., Yang, P., Xie, X., & Fang, B. (2022). Extracellular vesicle-loaded hydrogels for tissue repair and regeneration. Materials Today Bio, 100522. PMID: 36593913 PMC: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9803958/ 9803958] DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100522
			* Erdbrügger, U., Blijdorp, C. J., Bijnsdorp, I. V., Borràs, F. E., Burger, D., Bussolati, B., ... & Martens‐Uzunova, E. S. (2021). Urinary extracellular vesicles: A position paper by the Urine Task Force of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 10(7). PMID: 34035881 PMC:[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8138533 8138533] DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12093
			* Bajo-Santos, C., Priedols, M., Kaukis, P., Paidere, G., Gerulis-Bergmanis, R., Mozolevskis, G., ... & Rimsa, R. (2023). Extracellular Vesicles Isolation from Large Volume Samples Using a Polydimethylsiloxane-Free Microfluidic Device. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(9), 7971. PMID: 37175677 PMC:[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10178709 10178709] DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097971

	* <ref>Xu, D., & Tahara, H. (2013). The role of exosomes and microRNAs in senescence and aging. Advanced drug delivery reviews, 65(3), 368-375.		* <ref>Xu, D., & Tahara, H. (2013). The role of exosomes and microRNAs in senescence and aging. Advanced drug delivery reviews, 65(3), 368-375.
	PMID: 22820533 DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.07.010 link]</ref>		PMID: 22820533 DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.07.010 link]</ref>

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* EV classification and composition */

2023-05-26T10:57:42Z

EV classification and composition

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:57, 26 May 2023
Line 10:		Line 10:
	# '''Apoptotic bodies''' (1–5 µm) are released as vesicles after cellular apoptosis, followed by increased membrane permeability, DNA fragmentation, and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. Apoptotic bodies also expose PS on their surface and contain cellular organelles and genetic material.		# '''Apoptotic bodies''' (1–5 µm) are released as vesicles after cellular apoptosis, followed by increased membrane permeability, DNA fragmentation, and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. Apoptotic bodies also expose PS on their surface and contain cellular organelles and genetic material.
	# '''Exophers''' are the 3.5–4-μm large type of EV, which contain damaged mitochondria and protein aggregates		# '''Exophers''' are the 3.5–4-μm large type of EV, which contain damaged mitochondria and protein aggregates
	[[File:EV.jpg\|thumb\|Extracellular vesicles (EVs) propagate the state of their source cell. As cells become senescent or enter a damaged state, EV secretion increases. EVs secreted by these unhealthy cells may induce inflammation or damage responses in the recipient cells, eventually inducing a similar unhealthy state in these cells. In contrast, EVs secreted by healthy tissue provide trophic support and promote the maintenance of homeostasis in recipient cells (according to article.<ref name="Friends"/>]]		[[File:EV.jpg\|thumb\|Extracellular vesicles (EVs) propagate the state of their source cell. As cells become senescent or enter a damaged state, EV secretion increases. EVs secreted by these unhealthy cells may induce inflammation or damage responses in the recipient cells, eventually inducing a similar unhealthy state in these cells. In contrast, EVs secreted by healthy tissue provide trophic support and promote the maintenance of homeostasis in recipient cells (according to article.<ref name="Friends"/>)]]
	[[File:EV PMC8493967.jpg\|thumb\|The unique cargo including protein, mRNA, and miRNA contained in circulating EVs during aging and longevity control]]		[[File:EV PMC8493967.jpg\|thumb\|The unique cargo including protein, mRNA, and miRNA contained in circulating EVs during aging and longevity control (according to article.<ref name="Friends"/>)]]

	== The role of extracellular vesicles in cellular senescence ==		== The role of extracellular vesicles in cellular senescence ==

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* EV classification and composition */

2023-05-26T10:55:14Z

EV classification and composition

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:55, 26 May 2023
Line 11:		Line 11:
	# '''Exophers''' are the 3.5–4-μm large type of EV, which contain damaged mitochondria and protein aggregates		# '''Exophers''' are the 3.5–4-μm large type of EV, which contain damaged mitochondria and protein aggregates
	[[File:EV.jpg\|thumb\|Extracellular vesicles (EVs) propagate the state of their source cell. As cells become senescent or enter a damaged state, EV secretion increases. EVs secreted by these unhealthy cells may induce inflammation or damage responses in the recipient cells, eventually inducing a similar unhealthy state in these cells. In contrast, EVs secreted by healthy tissue provide trophic support and promote the maintenance of homeostasis in recipient cells (according to article.<ref name="Friends"/>]]		[[File:EV.jpg\|thumb\|Extracellular vesicles (EVs) propagate the state of their source cell. As cells become senescent or enter a damaged state, EV secretion increases. EVs secreted by these unhealthy cells may induce inflammation or damage responses in the recipient cells, eventually inducing a similar unhealthy state in these cells. In contrast, EVs secreted by healthy tissue provide trophic support and promote the maintenance of homeostasis in recipient cells (according to article.<ref name="Friends"/>]]
			[[File:EV PMC8493967.jpg\|thumb\|The unique cargo including protein, mRNA, and miRNA contained in circulating EVs during aging and longevity control]]

	== The role of extracellular vesicles in cellular senescence ==		== The role of extracellular vesicles in cellular senescence ==