FOXO longevity genes - Revision history

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* OSER1 gene */

2024-09-14T08:24:43Z

OSER1 gene

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:24, 14 September 2024
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	Deregulation of FOXOs has also been associated with several diseases such as cancer, neurological diseases, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.<ref>Calissi, G., Lam, E., & Link, W. (2020). Therapeutic strategies targeting FOXO transcription factors. ''Nature Reviews Drug Discovery'', ''20''(1), 21-38. doi: 10.1038/s41573-020-0088-2</ref>		Deregulation of FOXOs has also been associated with several diseases such as cancer, neurological diseases, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.<ref>Calissi, G., Lam, E., & Link, W. (2020). Therapeutic strategies targeting FOXO transcription factors. ''Nature Reviews Drug Discovery'', ''20''(1), 21-38. doi: 10.1038/s41573-020-0088-2</ref>

	=== [[OSER1 gene]] ===		==== [[OSER1 gene]] ====

	<references />		<references />
	[[Category:Main list]]		[[Category:Main list]]
	[[Category:Longevity genes]]		[[Category:Longevity genes]]

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* FOXO in aging and longevity */

2024-09-14T08:24:16Z

FOXO in aging and longevity

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:24, 14 September 2024
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	In humans, the family of Forkhead box O (FOXO) proteins consists of four members (known as “isoforms”): FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4 and FOXO6.<ref name=":1">Burgering, B. (2008). A brief introduction to FOXOlogy. ''Oncogene'', ''27''(16), [tel:2258-2262 2258-2262]. doi: 10.1038/onc.2008.29</ref> Whilst expressed ubiquitously in all tissues, FOXO1 is more highly expressed in adipocytes, FOXO3 in the liver, FOXO4 in muscle cells and FOXO6 in the nervous system.<ref name=":1" /> In invertebrates there is only one FOXO gene counterpart or “ortholog”, known as daf-16 in C. ''elegans'' nematodes'','' or dFOXO in ''Drosophila'' flies.		In humans, the family of Forkhead box O (FOXO) proteins consists of four members (known as “isoforms”): FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4 and FOXO6.<ref name=":1">Burgering, B. (2008). A brief introduction to FOXOlogy. ''Oncogene'', ''27''(16), [tel:2258-2262 2258-2262]. doi: 10.1038/onc.2008.29</ref> Whilst expressed ubiquitously in all tissues, FOXO1 is more highly expressed in adipocytes, FOXO3 in the liver, FOXO4 in muscle cells and FOXO6 in the nervous system.<ref name=":1" /> In invertebrates there is only one FOXO gene counterpart or “ortholog”, known as daf-16 in C. ''elegans'' nematodes'','' or dFOXO in ''Drosophila'' flies.

	==== FOXO in aging and longevity ====		=== FOXO in aging and longevity ===
	FOXO proteins are nowadays well established as longevity genes, especially FOXO3.<ref>Morris, B., Willcox, D., Donlon, T., & Willcox, B. (2015). A Major Gene for Human Longevity - A Mini-Review. ''Gerontology'', ''61''(6), 515-525. doi: 10.1159/000375235</ref> They are believed to protect cells from damage and to remove or repair already existing cellular damage.		FOXO proteins are nowadays well established as longevity genes, especially FOXO3.<ref>Morris, B., Willcox, D., Donlon, T., & Willcox, B. (2015). A Major Gene for Human Longevity - A Mini-Review. ''Gerontology'', ''61''(6), 515-525. doi: 10.1159/000375235</ref> They are believed to protect cells from damage and to remove or repair already existing cellular damage.

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* OSER1 gene */

2024-09-14T08:22:42Z

OSER1 gene

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:22, 14 September 2024
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	Deregulation of FOXOs has also been associated with several diseases such as cancer, neurological diseases, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.<ref>Calissi, G., Lam, E., & Link, W. (2020). Therapeutic strategies targeting FOXO transcription factors. ''Nature Reviews Drug Discovery'', ''20''(1), 21-38. doi: 10.1038/s41573-020-0088-2</ref>		Deregulation of FOXOs has also been associated with several diseases such as cancer, neurological diseases, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.<ref>Calissi, G., Lam, E., & Link, W. (2020). Therapeutic strategies targeting FOXO transcription factors. ''Nature Reviews Drug Discovery'', ''20''(1), 21-38. doi: 10.1038/s41573-020-0088-2</ref>

	== [[OSER1 gene]] ==		=== [[OSER1 gene]] ===

	<references />		<references />
	[[Category:Main list]]		[[Category:Main list]]
	[[Category:Longevity genes]]		[[Category:Longevity genes]]

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* FOXO in aging and longevity */

2024-09-13T18:56:02Z

FOXO in aging and longevity

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:56, 13 September 2024
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	Deregulation of FOXOs has also been associated with several diseases such as cancer, neurological diseases, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.<ref>Calissi, G., Lam, E., & Link, W. (2020). Therapeutic strategies targeting FOXO transcription factors. ''Nature Reviews Drug Discovery'', ''20''(1), 21-38. doi: 10.1038/s41573-020-0088-2</ref>		Deregulation of FOXOs has also been associated with several diseases such as cancer, neurological diseases, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.<ref>Calissi, G., Lam, E., & Link, W. (2020). Therapeutic strategies targeting FOXO transcription factors. ''Nature Reviews Drug Discovery'', ''20''(1), 21-38. doi: 10.1038/s41573-020-0088-2</ref>

			== [[OSER1 gene]] ==

	<references />		<references />
	[[Category:Main list]]		[[Category:Main list]]
	[[Category:Longevity genes]]		[[Category:Longevity genes]]

Andrea: category change

2022-12-27T12:25:09Z

category change

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:25, 27 December 2022
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	~~[[Category:Longevity]]~~
	FOXO proteins are a family of transcription factors specially known for their role in longevity and for being a central component of the insulin signalling pathway. The insulin/IGF-1 signalling (IIS) pathway senses insulin and other insulin-like peptides (ILPs) and activates a signalling cascade which connects nutrient levels to metabolism, growth, reproduction, development and aging.		FOXO proteins are a family of transcription factors specially known for their role in longevity and for being a central component of the insulin signalling pathway. The insulin/IGF-1 signalling (IIS) pathway senses insulin and other insulin-like peptides (ILPs) and activates a signalling cascade which connects nutrient levels to metabolism, growth, reproduction, development and aging.

Line 21:		Line 20:
	Deregulation of FOXOs has also been associated with several diseases such as cancer, neurological diseases, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.<ref>Calissi, G., Lam, E., & Link, W. (2020). Therapeutic strategies targeting FOXO transcription factors. ''Nature Reviews Drug Discovery'', ''20''(1), 21-38. doi: 10.1038/s41573-020-0088-2</ref>		Deregulation of FOXOs has also been associated with several diseases such as cancer, neurological diseases, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.<ref>Calissi, G., Lam, E., & Link, W. (2020). Therapeutic strategies targeting FOXO transcription factors. ''Nature Reviews Drug Discovery'', ''20''(1), 21-38. doi: 10.1038/s41573-020-0088-2</ref>
	<references />		<references />
	[[Category:~~Genes affecting longevity~~]]		[[Category:Main list]]
			[[Category:Longevity genes]]

Andrea at 02:38, 21 December 2022

2022-12-21T02:38:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:38, 21 December 2022
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	==== FOXO isoforms and orthologs ====		==== FOXO isoforms and orthologs ====
	In humans, the family of Forkhead box O (FOXO) proteins consists of four members (known as “isoforms”): FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4 and FOXO6.<ref name=":1">Burgering, B. (2008). A brief introduction to FOXOlogy. ''Oncogene'', ''27''(16), 2258-2262. doi: 10.1038/onc.2008.29</ref> Whilst expressed ubiquitously in all tissues, FOXO1 is more highly expressed in adipocytes, FOXO3 in the liver, FOXO4 in muscle cells and FOXO6 in the nervous system.<ref name=":1" /> In invertebrates there is only one FOXO gene counterpart or “ortholog”, known as daf-16 in C. ''elegans'' nematodes'','' or dFOXO in ''Drosophila'' flies.		In humans, the family of Forkhead box O (FOXO) proteins consists of four members (known as “isoforms”): FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4 and FOXO6.<ref name=":1">Burgering, B. (2008). A brief introduction to FOXOlogy. ''Oncogene'', ''27''(16), [tel:2258-2262 2258-2262]. doi: 10.1038/onc.2008.29</ref> Whilst expressed ubiquitously in all tissues, FOXO1 is more highly expressed in adipocytes, FOXO3 in the liver, FOXO4 in muscle cells and FOXO6 in the nervous system.<ref name=":1" /> In invertebrates there is only one FOXO gene counterpart or “ortholog”, known as daf-16 in C. ''elegans'' nematodes'','' or dFOXO in ''Drosophila'' flies.

	==== FOXO in aging and longevity ====		==== FOXO in aging and longevity ====
	FOXO proteins are nowadays well established as longevity genes, especially FOXO3.<ref>Morris, B., Willcox, D., Donlon, T., & Willcox, B. (2015). A Major Gene for Human Longevity - A Mini-Review. ''Gerontology'', ''61''(6), 515-525. doi: 10.1159/000375235</ref> They are believed to protect cells from damage and to remove or repair already existing cellular damage.		FOXO proteins are nowadays well established as longevity genes, especially FOXO3.<ref>Morris, B., Willcox, D., Donlon, T., & Willcox, B. (2015). A Major Gene for Human Longevity - A Mini-Review. ''Gerontology'', ''61''(6), 515-525. doi: 10.1159/000375235</ref> They are believed to protect cells from damage and to remove or repair already existing cellular damage.

	Genetic association studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have shown that FOXO3 consistently associates with centenarians of diverse human populations.<ref>Willcox, B., Donlon, T., He, Q., Chen, R., Grove, J., & Yano, K. et al. (2008). FOXO3A genotype is strongly associated with human longevity. ''Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences'', ''105''(37), 13987-13992. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0801030105</ref> In humans, to date only two genes have shown to be consistently associated with extreme old age across human populations: FOXO3 and APOE (the latter coding for the protein apolipoprotein E, a subtype of which is well known for being a risk-factor gene to [[Aging and Neurodegeneration\|Alzheimer’s Disease]]).<ref>Broer, L., Buchman, A., Deelen, J., Evans, D., Faul, J., & Lunetta, K. et al. (2014). GWAS of Longevity in CHARGE Consortium Confirms APOE and FOXO3 Candidacy. ''The Journals Of Gerontology: Series A'', ''70''(1), 110-118. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glu166</ref>		Genetic association studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have shown that FOXO3 consistently associates with centenarians of diverse human populations.<ref>Willcox, B., Donlon, T., He, Q., Chen, R., Grove, J., & Yano, K. et al. (2008). FOXO3A genotype is strongly associated with human longevity. ''Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences'', ''105''(37), [tel:13987-13992 13987-13992]. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0801030105</ref> In humans, to date only two genes have shown to be consistently associated with extreme old age across human populations: FOXO3 and APOE (the latter coding for the protein apolipoprotein E, a subtype of which is well known for being a risk-factor gene to [[Aging and Neurodegeneration\|Alzheimer’s Disease]]).<ref>Broer, L., Buchman, A., Deelen, J., Evans, D., Faul, J., & Lunetta, K. et al. (2014). GWAS of Longevity in CHARGE Consortium Confirms APOE and FOXO3 Candidacy. ''The Journals Of Gerontology: Series A'', ''70''(1), 110-118. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glu166</ref>

	Interestingly, the ''Hydra'', an invertebrate species considered to be biologically immortal, requires the FOXO transcription factor to maintain its capacity for cellular self-renewal and thus its immortality.<ref>Bridge, D., Theofiles, A., Holler, R., Marcinkevicius, E., Steele, R., & Martínez, D. (2010). FoxO and Stress Responses in the Cnidarian Hydra vulgaris. ''Plos ONE'', ''5''(7), e11686. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011686</ref>		Interestingly, the ''Hydra'', an invertebrate species considered to be biologically immortal, requires the FOXO transcription factor to maintain its capacity for cellular self-renewal and thus its immortality.<ref>Bridge, D., Theofiles, A., Holler, R., Marcinkevicius, E., Steele, R., & Martínez, D. (2010). FoxO and Stress Responses in the Cnidarian Hydra vulgaris. ''Plos ONE'', ''5''(7), e11686. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011686</ref>

	Deregulation of FOXOs has also been associated with several diseases such as cancer, neurological diseases, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.<ref>Calissi, G., Lam, E., & Link, W. (2020). Therapeutic strategies targeting FOXO transcription factors. ''Nature Reviews Drug Discovery'', ''20''(1), 21-38. doi: 10.1038/s41573-020-0088-2</ref>		Deregulation of FOXOs has also been associated with several diseases such as cancer, neurological diseases, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.<ref>Calissi, G., Lam, E., & Link, W. (2020). Therapeutic strategies targeting FOXO transcription factors. ''Nature Reviews Drug Discovery'', ''20''(1), 21-38. doi: 10.1038/s41573-020-0088-2</ref>
			<references />
			[[Category:Genes affecting longevity]]

Andrea: /* FOXO function */

2022-10-01T18:23:31Z

FOXO function

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:23, 1 October 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[Category:Longevity]]		[[Category:Longevity]]
	FOXO proteins are a family of transcription factors specially known for their role in longevity and for being a central component of the insulin signalling pathway. The insulin/IGF-1 signalling (IIS) pathway senses insulin and other insulin-like peptides (ILPs) and activates a signalling cascade which connects nutrient levels to metabolism, growth, reproduction, development and aging.		FOXO proteins are a family of transcription factors specially known for their role in longevity and for being a central component of the insulin signalling pathway. The insulin/IGF-1 signalling (IIS) pathway senses insulin and other insulin-like peptides (ILPs) and activates a signalling cascade which connects nutrient levels to metabolism, growth, reproduction, development and aging.

			The activity of FOXO antagonises that of insulin: when insulin binds to the insulin receptor, FOXO is sequestered in the cytoplasm and is not able to activate downstream target genes. On the contrary, when insulin levels are low, FOXO translocates to the nucleus and acts on a wide range of cytoprotective and stress-response genes that eventually extend lifespan.

	==== FOXO function ====		==== FOXO function ====

Andrea: Reverted edits by Geroscientist (talk) to last revision by Andrea

2022-08-06T10:06:59Z

Reverted edits by Geroscientist (talk) to last revision by Andrea

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:06, 6 August 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[Category:Longevity]]		[[Category:Longevity]]
	FOXO proteins are a family of transcription factors known for their role in longevity and for being a central component of the insulin signalling pathway. The insulin/IGF-1 signalling (IIS) pathway senses insulin and other insulin-like peptides (ILPs) and activates a signalling cascade which connects nutrient levels to metabolism, growth, reproduction, development and aging.		FOXO proteins are a family of transcription factors specially known for their role in longevity and for being a central component of the insulin signalling pathway. The insulin/IGF-1 signalling (IIS) pathway senses insulin and other insulin-like peptides (ILPs) and activates a signalling cascade which connects nutrient levels to metabolism, growth, reproduction, development and aging.

	==== FOXO function ====		==== FOXO function ====
Line 11:		Line 11:

	==== FOXO in aging and longevity ====		==== FOXO in aging and longevity ====
	FOXO proteins are nowadays well established as 'longevity genes', especially FOXO3.<ref>Morris, B., Willcox, D., Donlon, T., & Willcox, B. (2015). A Major Gene for Human Longevity - A Mini-Review. ''Gerontology'', ''61''(6), 515-525. doi: 10.1159/000375235</ref> They are believed to protect cells from damage and to remove or repair already existing cellular damage.		FOXO proteins are nowadays well established as longevity genes, especially FOXO3.<ref>Morris, B., Willcox, D., Donlon, T., & Willcox, B. (2015). A Major Gene for Human Longevity - A Mini-Review. ''Gerontology'', ''61''(6), 515-525. doi: 10.1159/000375235</ref> They are believed to protect cells from damage and to remove or repair already existing cellular damage.

	Genetic association studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have shown that FOXO3 consistently associates with centenarians of diverse human populations.<ref>Willcox, B., Donlon, T., He, Q., Chen, R., Grove, J., & Yano, K. et al. (2008). FOXO3A genotype is strongly associated with human longevity. ''Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences'', ''105''(37), 13987-13992. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0801030105</ref> In humans, to date only two genes have shown to be consistently associated with extreme old age across human populations: FOXO3 and APOE (the latter coding for the protein apolipoprotein E, a subtype of which is well known for being a risk-factor gene to [[Aging and Neurodegeneration\|Alzheimer’s Disease]]).<ref>Broer, L., Buchman, A., Deelen, J., Evans, D., Faul, J., & Lunetta, K. et al. (2014). GWAS of Longevity in CHARGE Consortium Confirms APOE and FOXO3 Candidacy. ''The Journals Of Gerontology: Series A'', ''70''(1), 110-118. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glu166</ref>		Genetic association studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have shown that FOXO3 consistently associates with centenarians of diverse human populations.<ref>Willcox, B., Donlon, T., He, Q., Chen, R., Grove, J., & Yano, K. et al. (2008). FOXO3A genotype is strongly associated with human longevity. ''Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences'', ''105''(37), 13987-13992. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0801030105</ref> In humans, to date only two genes have shown to be consistently associated with extreme old age across human populations: FOXO3 and APOE (the latter coding for the protein apolipoprotein E, a subtype of which is well known for being a risk-factor gene to [[Aging and Neurodegeneration\|Alzheimer’s Disease]]).<ref>Broer, L., Buchman, A., Deelen, J., Evans, D., Faul, J., & Lunetta, K. et al. (2014). GWAS of Longevity in CHARGE Consortium Confirms APOE and FOXO3 Candidacy. ''The Journals Of Gerontology: Series A'', ''70''(1), 110-118. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glu166</ref>

Geroscientist: /* FOXO function */

2022-08-04T23:25:14Z

FOXO function

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:25, 4 August 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[Category:Longevity]]		[[Category:Longevity]]
	FOXO proteins are a family of transcription factors ~~specially~~ known for their role in longevity and for being a central component of the insulin signalling pathway. The insulin/IGF-1 signalling (IIS) pathway senses insulin and other insulin-like peptides (ILPs) and activates a signalling cascade which connects nutrient levels to metabolism, growth, reproduction, development and aging.		FOXO proteins are a family of transcription factors known for their role in longevity and for being a central component of the insulin signalling pathway. The insulin/IGF-1 signalling (IIS) pathway senses insulin and other insulin-like peptides (ILPs) and activates a signalling cascade which connects nutrient levels to metabolism, growth, reproduction, development and aging.

	==== FOXO function ====		==== FOXO function ====
Line 11:		Line 11:

	==== FOXO in aging and longevity ====		==== FOXO in aging and longevity ====
	FOXO proteins are nowadays well established as longevity genes, especially FOXO3.<ref>Morris, B., Willcox, D., Donlon, T., & Willcox, B. (2015). A Major Gene for Human Longevity - A Mini-Review. ''Gerontology'', ''61''(6), 515-525. doi: 10.1159/000375235</ref> They are believed to protect cells from damage and to remove or repair already existing cellular damage.		FOXO proteins are nowadays well established as 'longevity genes', especially FOXO3.<ref>Morris, B., Willcox, D., Donlon, T., & Willcox, B. (2015). A Major Gene for Human Longevity - A Mini-Review. ''Gerontology'', ''61''(6), 515-525. doi: 10.1159/000375235</ref> They are believed to protect cells from damage and to remove or repair already existing cellular damage.

	Genetic association studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have shown that FOXO3 consistently associates with centenarians of diverse human populations.<ref>Willcox, B., Donlon, T., He, Q., Chen, R., Grove, J., & Yano, K. et al. (2008). FOXO3A genotype is strongly associated with human longevity. ''Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences'', ''105''(37), 13987-13992. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0801030105</ref> In humans, to date only two genes have shown to be consistently associated with extreme old age across human populations: FOXO3 and APOE (the latter coding for the protein apolipoprotein E, a subtype of which is well known for being a risk-factor gene to [[Aging and Neurodegeneration\|Alzheimer’s Disease]]).<ref>Broer, L., Buchman, A., Deelen, J., Evans, D., Faul, J., & Lunetta, K. et al. (2014). GWAS of Longevity in CHARGE Consortium Confirms APOE and FOXO3 Candidacy. ''The Journals Of Gerontology: Series A'', ''70''(1), 110-118. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glu166</ref>		Genetic association studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have shown that FOXO3 consistently associates with centenarians of diverse human populations.<ref>Willcox, B., Donlon, T., He, Q., Chen, R., Grove, J., & Yano, K. et al. (2008). FOXO3A genotype is strongly associated with human longevity. ''Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences'', ''105''(37), 13987-13992. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0801030105</ref> In humans, to date only two genes have shown to be consistently associated with extreme old age across human populations: FOXO3 and APOE (the latter coding for the protein apolipoprotein E, a subtype of which is well known for being a risk-factor gene to [[Aging and Neurodegeneration\|Alzheimer’s Disease]]).<ref>Broer, L., Buchman, A., Deelen, J., Evans, D., Faul, J., & Lunetta, K. et al. (2014). GWAS of Longevity in CHARGE Consortium Confirms APOE and FOXO3 Candidacy. ''The Journals Of Gerontology: Series A'', ''70''(1), 110-118. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glu166</ref>

Andrea: /* FOXO in aging and longevity */

2022-08-03T09:36:08Z

FOXO in aging and longevity

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:36, 3 August 2022
Line 11:		Line 11:

	==== FOXO in aging and longevity ====		==== FOXO in aging and longevity ====
	FOXO proteins are nowadays well established as longevity genes, especially FOXO3.<ref>Morris, B., Willcox, D., Donlon, T., & Willcox, B. (2015). A Major Gene for Human Longevity - A Mini-Review. ''Gerontology'', ''61''(6), 515-525. doi: 10.1159/000375235</ref> ~~Genetic association studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have shown that FOXO3 consistently associates with centenarians of diverse human populations~~.<ref>Willcox, B., Donlon, T., He, Q., Chen, R., Grove, J., & Yano, K. et al. (2008). FOXO3A genotype is strongly associated with human longevity. ''Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences'', ''105''(37), 13987-13992. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0801030105</ref>		FOXO proteins are nowadays well established as longevity genes, especially FOXO3.<ref>Morris, B., Willcox, D., Donlon, T., & Willcox, B. (2015). A Major Gene for Human Longevity - A Mini-Review. ''Gerontology'', ''61''(6), 515-525. doi: 10.1159/000375235</ref> They are believed to protect cells from damage and to remove or repair already existing cellular damage.

	In humans, to date only two genes have shown to be consistently associated with extreme old age across human populations: FOXO3 and APOE (the latter coding for the protein apolipoprotein E, a subtype of which is well known for being a risk-factor gene to [[Aging and Neurodegeneration\|Alzheimer’s Disease]]).<ref>Broer, L., Buchman, A., Deelen, J., Evans, D., Faul, J., & Lunetta, K. et al. (2014). GWAS of Longevity in CHARGE Consortium Confirms APOE and FOXO3 Candidacy. ''The Journals Of Gerontology: Series A'', ''70''(1), 110-118. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glu166</ref>		Genetic association studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have shown that FOXO3 consistently associates with centenarians of diverse human populations.<ref>Willcox, B., Donlon, T., He, Q., Chen, R., Grove, J., & Yano, K. et al. (2008). FOXO3A genotype is strongly associated with human longevity. ''Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences'', ''105''(37), 13987-13992. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0801030105</ref> In humans, to date only two genes have shown to be consistently associated with extreme old age across human populations: FOXO3 and APOE (the latter coding for the protein apolipoprotein E, a subtype of which is well known for being a risk-factor gene to [[Aging and Neurodegeneration\|Alzheimer’s Disease]]).<ref>Broer, L., Buchman, A., Deelen, J., Evans, D., Faul, J., & Lunetta, K. et al. (2014). GWAS of Longevity in CHARGE Consortium Confirms APOE and FOXO3 Candidacy. ''The Journals Of Gerontology: Series A'', ''70''(1), 110-118. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glu166</ref>

	~~The~~ ''Hydra'', an invertebrate species considered to be biologically immortal, requires the FOXO transcription factor to maintain its cellular self-renewal and thus its immortality.<ref>Bridge, D., Theofiles, A., Holler, R., Marcinkevicius, E., Steele, R., & Martínez, D. (2010). FoxO and Stress Responses in the Cnidarian Hydra vulgaris. ''Plos ONE'', ''5''(7), e11686. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011686</ref>		Interestingly, the ''Hydra'', an invertebrate species considered to be biologically immortal, requires the FOXO transcription factor to maintain its capacity for cellular self-renewal and thus its immortality.<ref>Bridge, D., Theofiles, A., Holler, R., Marcinkevicius, E., Steele, R., & Martínez, D. (2010). FoxO and Stress Responses in the Cnidarian Hydra vulgaris. ''Plos ONE'', ''5''(7), e11686. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011686</ref>

	~~FOXO factors are believed to protect cells from damage and to remove or repair already existing cellular damage.~~ Deregulation of FOXOs has also been associated with several diseases such as cancer, neurological diseases, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.<ref>Calissi, G., Lam, E., & Link, W. (2020). Therapeutic strategies targeting FOXO transcription factors. ''Nature Reviews Drug Discovery'', ''20''(1), 21-38. doi: 10.1038/s41573-020-0088-2</ref>		Deregulation of FOXOs has also been associated with several diseases such as cancer, neurological diseases, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.<ref>Calissi, G., Lam, E., & Link, W. (2020). Therapeutic strategies targeting FOXO transcription factors. ''Nature Reviews Drug Discovery'', ''20''(1), 21-38. doi: 10.1038/s41573-020-0088-2</ref>