Longevity of insects with social castes - Revision history

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* Tapeworm-infected ants */

2024-03-04T05:58:51Z

Tapeworm-infected ants

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:58, 4 March 2024
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	A study found that both '''queens and infected workers express more of a gene called ''silver'' (carboxypeptidase D)''', compared to uninfected workers.<ref name="presence" /> Researchers previously '''linked the silver gene to an extended lifespan in fruit flies'''.<ref>Pauls, D., Hamarat, Y., Trufasu, L., Schendzielorz, T. M., Gramlich, G., Kahnt, J., ... & Wegener, C. (2019). Drosophila carboxypeptidase D (SILVER) is a key enzyme in neuropeptide processing required to maintain locomotor activity levels and survival rate. European Journal of Neuroscience, 50(9), 3502-3519. PMID: 31309630 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14516</ref><ref>Carnes, M. U., Campbell, T., Huang, W., Butler, D. G., Carbone, M. A., Duncan, L. H., ... & Mackay, T. F. (2015). The genomic basis of postponed senescence in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One, 10(9), e0138569. PMID: 26378456 PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574564 link] DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138569</ref> However, a possible bias could be that infected workers do not engage in foraging outside the nest, and therefore have lower extrinsic mortality similar to queens, which also stay inside the nest.<ref name="presence" />		A study found that both '''queens and infected workers express more of a gene called ''silver'' (carboxypeptidase D)''', compared to uninfected workers.<ref name="presence" /> Researchers previously '''linked the silver gene to an extended lifespan in fruit flies'''.<ref>Pauls, D., Hamarat, Y., Trufasu, L., Schendzielorz, T. M., Gramlich, G., Kahnt, J., ... & Wegener, C. (2019). Drosophila carboxypeptidase D (SILVER) is a key enzyme in neuropeptide processing required to maintain locomotor activity levels and survival rate. European Journal of Neuroscience, 50(9), 3502-3519. PMID: 31309630 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14516</ref><ref>Carnes, M. U., Campbell, T., Huang, W., Butler, D. G., Carbone, M. A., Duncan, L. H., ... & Mackay, T. F. (2015). The genomic basis of postponed senescence in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One, 10(9), e0138569. PMID: 26378456 PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574564 link] DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138569</ref> However, a possible bias could be that infected workers do not engage in foraging outside the nest, and therefore have lower extrinsic mortality similar to queens, which also stay inside the nest.<ref name="presence" />

			Another study<ref>Hartke, J., Ceron‐Noriega, A., Stoldt, M., Sistermans, T., Kever, M., Fuchs, J., ... & Foitzik, S. (2023). Long live the host! Proteomic analysis reveals possible strategies for parasitic manipulation of its social host. Molecular ecology, 32(21), 5877-5889. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.17155</ref> found two proteins exclusively in infected workers and healthy queens: '''fatty acid-binding protein 1''' and '''facilitated trehalose transporter Tret1-like''' - the protein that is responsible for transporting '''trehalose''', the main source of energy for insects, from the fat body into the haemolymph. One of trehalose's functions is the protection from different environmental stressors, such as oxidative stress. In addition, four unique proteins ('''death-associated protein 1''' (which positively regulates apoptosis); '''chymotrypsin-2''' (shown to extend lifespan in Drosophila) and two uncharacterized proteins) were found in infected workers.

	===== Wolbachia-infected ants =====		===== Wolbachia-infected ants =====

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* Gamergate ants */

2023-06-07T17:30:19Z

Gamergate ants

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:30, 7 June 2023
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	In the ant ''Harpegnathos saltator'', aging workers exhibited a progressive loss of ensheathing glia cells, whereas in gamergates, they remained a larger proportion of total glia cells over the same time span. Consistent with this, old gamergates retained the ability to mount a response to neuronal damage, which was lost in old workers.<ref>Sheng, L., Shields, E. J., Gospocic, J., Glastad, K. M., Ratchasanmuang, P., Berger, S. L., ... & Bonasio, R. (2020). Social reprogramming in ants induces longevity-associated glia remodeling. Science advances, 6(34), eaba9869. PMID: 32875108 PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7438095 link] DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba9869</ref>		In the ant ''Harpegnathos saltator'', aging workers exhibited a progressive loss of ensheathing glia cells, whereas in gamergates, they remained a larger proportion of total glia cells over the same time span. Consistent with this, old gamergates retained the ability to mount a response to neuronal damage, which was lost in old workers.<ref>Sheng, L., Shields, E. J., Gospocic, J., Glastad, K. M., Ratchasanmuang, P., Berger, S. L., ... & Bonasio, R. (2020). Social reprogramming in ants induces longevity-associated glia remodeling. Science advances, 6(34), eaba9869. PMID: 32875108 PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7438095 link] DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba9869</ref>

			It was found that gamergates have elevated expression of gamergate-specific gene encoding a truncated form of a heat shock factor (HSF) most similar to mammalian HSF2 (hsalHSF2). In workers, hsalHSF2 was bound to DNA only upon heat stress, whereas in gamergates, hsalHSF2 bound to DNA even in the absence of heat stress and was localized to gamergate-biased heat shock response (HSR) genes. Expression of hsalHSF2 in ''Drosophila melanogaster'' led to enhanced heat shock survival and extended life span in the absence of heat stress.<ref>Glastad, K. M., Roessler, J., Gospocic, J., Bonasio, R., & Berger, S. L. Long ant life span is maintained by a unique heat shock factor. Genes & development. 37(9-10), 398-417 doi: [https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.350250.122 10.1101/gad.350250.122]</ref>

	===== Tapeworm-infected ants =====		===== Tapeworm-infected ants =====

Dmitry Dzhagarov at 17:33, 13 March 2023

2023-03-13T17:33:12Z

Show changes

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* Termites */

2023-03-07T17:01:54Z

Termites

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:01, 7 March 2023
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	<ref>Ma, X. M., Li, Y. X., Zhang, H. X., Liu, Q., Su, X. H., & Xing, L. X. (2020). Transcriptomic evidence that insulin signalling pathway regulates the ageing of subterranean termite castes. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-13. PMID: 32424344 PMCID: PMC7235038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64890-9</ref><ref>Séité, S., Harrison, M. C., Sillam-Dussès, D., Lupoli, R., Van Dooren, T. J., Robert, A., ... & Vasseur-Cognet, M. (2022). Lifespan prolonging mechanisms and insulin upregulation without fat accumulation in long-lived reproductives of a higher termite. Communications Biology, 5(1), 44. PMID: 35027667 PMCID: PMC8758687 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02974-6</ref>		<ref>Ma, X. M., Li, Y. X., Zhang, H. X., Liu, Q., Su, X. H., & Xing, L. X. (2020). Transcriptomic evidence that insulin signalling pathway regulates the ageing of subterranean termite castes. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-13. PMID: 32424344 PMCID: PMC7235038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64890-9</ref><ref>Séité, S., Harrison, M. C., Sillam-Dussès, D., Lupoli, R., Van Dooren, T. J., Robert, A., ... & Vasseur-Cognet, M. (2022). Lifespan prolonging mechanisms and insulin upregulation without fat accumulation in long-lived reproductives of a higher termite. Communications Biology, 5(1), 44. PMID: 35027667 PMCID: PMC8758687 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02974-6</ref>

	The haploid genome sizes (C-values) of termites (Isoptera) ranged from 0.58 to 1.90 pg, (1pg = 978 Mb).<ref>Monroy Kuhn, J. M., Meusemann, K., & Korb, J. (2019). Long live the queen, the king and the commoner? Transcript expression differences between old and young in the termite Cryptotermes secundus. PLoS One, 14(2), e0210371. PMID: 30759161 PMCID: PMC6373952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210371</ref>		The haploid genome sizes (C-values) of termites (Isoptera) ranged from 0.58 to 1.90 pg, (1pg = 978 Mb).<ref name="Long">Monroy Kuhn, J. M., Meusemann, K., & Korb, J. (2019). Long live the queen, the king and the commoner? Transcript expression differences between old and young in the termite Cryptotermes secundus. PLoS One, 14(2), e0210371. PMID: 30759161 PMCID: PMC6373952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210371</ref>

	<ref>Harrison, M. C., Dohmen, E., George, S., Sillam-Dussès, D., Séité, S., & Vasseur-Cognet, M. (2022). Complex regulatory role of DNA methylation in caste-and age-specific expression of a termite. Open Biology, 12(7), 220047.PMID: 35857972 PMCID: PMC9256085 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220047</ref>		<ref>Harrison, M. C., Dohmen, E., George, S., Sillam-Dussès, D., Séité, S., & Vasseur-Cognet, M. (2022). Complex regulatory role of DNA methylation in caste-and age-specific expression of a termite. Open Biology, 12(7), 220047.PMID: 35857972 PMCID: PMC9256085 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220047</ref>

Andrea: /* Termites */

2023-03-05T17:19:13Z

Termites

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:19, 5 March 2023
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	=== Bees ===		=== Bees ===
	[[File:Laying worker bee.png\|thumb\|Laying worker bee.<ref>https://www.beeculture.com/laying-workers-happens-fix/</ref>]]		[[File:Laying worker bee.png\|thumb\|Laying worker bee.<ref>https://www.beeculture.com/laying-workers-happens-fix/</ref>]]
	In hives, queen bees are normally the only female who reproduces, whereas the vast majority of bees are sterile females known as worker bees. Queen honeybees can live for several years, while workers typically only live for several months. <ref name="Evolution" />		In hives, queen bees are normally the only female who reproduces, whereas the vast majority of bees are sterile females known as worker bees. Queen honeybees can live for several years, while workers typically only live for several months.<ref name="Evolution" />

	Even in a normal hive, about 1% of workers have ovaries developed enough to lay eggs. A laying worker bee is a worker bee that lays unfertilized eggs, usually in the queenless colonies. In colonies of the neotropical stingless bee ''Scaptotrigona aff. postica,'' '''the lifespan of worker bees was about a third longer in hives without mated queens''' (known as non-queenright colonies).<ref name="stingless">dos Santos Conceição Lopes, B., Campbell, A. J., & Contrera, F. A. L. (2020). Queen loss changes behavior and increases longevity in a stingless bee. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 74, 1-9. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-020-2811-8 10.1007/s00265-020-2811-8]</ref>		Even in a normal hive, about 1% of workers have ovaries developed enough to lay eggs. A laying worker bee is a worker bee that lays unfertilized eggs, usually in the queenless colonies. In colonies of the neotropical stingless bee ''Scaptotrigona aff. postica,'' '''the lifespan of worker bees was about a third longer in hives without mated queens''' (known as non-queenright colonies).<ref name="stingless">dos Santos Conceição Lopes, B., Campbell, A. J., & Contrera, F. A. L. (2020). Queen loss changes behavior and increases longevity in a stingless bee. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 74, 1-9. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-020-2811-8 10.1007/s00265-020-2811-8]</ref>
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	=== Termites ===		=== Termites ===
	Termites (Isoptera) are pale-coloured, soft-bodied eusocial insects living in complex societies that are characterized by a caste system in which despite the fact that all members in a termite colony have the same genetic background, few reproductively mature individuals (including a queen and a sperm-producing kings) reproduce and have extraordinarily long lives, while the large majority (non-reproductives, including workers and soldiers) perform tasks such as foraging, brooding and defence.<ref>Korb, J. (2007). Termites. Current Biology, 17(23), R995-R999. PMID: 18054770 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.033</ref><ref>Korb, J., Poulsen, M., Hu, H., Li, C., Boomsma, J. J., Zhang, G., & Liebig, J. (2015). A genomic comparison of two termites with different social complexity. Frontiers in Genetics, 6, 9. PMID: 25788900 PMCID: PMC4348803 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00009</ref>		Termites (Isoptera) are pale-coloured, soft-bodied eusocial insects living in complex societies that are characterized by a caste system in which despite the fact that all members in a termite colony have the same genetic background, few reproductively mature individuals (including a queen and a sperm-producing kings) reproduce and have extraordinarily long lives, while the large majority (non-reproductives, including workers and soldiers) perform tasks such as foraging, brooding and defence.<ref>Korb, J. (2007). Termites. Current Biology, 17(23), R995-R999. PMID: 18054770 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.033</ref><ref>Korb, J., Poulsen, M., Hu, H., Li, C., Boomsma, J. J., Zhang, G., & Liebig, J. (2015). A genomic comparison of two termites with different social complexity. Frontiers in Genetics, 6, 9. PMID: 25788900 PMCID: PMC4348803 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00009</ref>
	Unlike hymenopteran social insects (ants, bees and wasps), where the sterile workers are all female, in termites both males and females can be workers.<ref>Revely, L., Sumner, S., & Eggleton, P. (2021). The plasticity and developmental potential of termites. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 552624. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.552624</ref>		Unlike hymenopteran social insects (ants, bees and wasps), where the sterile workers are all female, in termites both males and females can be workers.<ref>Revely, L., Sumner, S., & Eggleton, P. (2021). The plasticity and developmental potential of termites. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 552624. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.552624</ref> Furthermore, workers have unique flexibility in that a worker has the capability to develop into apterous neotenic reproductives that develop in the absence of reproductives to provide for continued growth of the colony.<ref>Miura, T., Scharf, M. E., Bignell, D. E., Roisin, Y., & Lo, N. (2011). Biology of termites: A modern synthesis. Molecular Basis Underlying Caste Differentiation in Termites pp 211–253 Roisin, Nathan Lo DOI:[https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3977-4_9 10.1007/978-90-481-3977-4_9]</ref>
	Furthermore, workers have unique flexibility in that a worker has the capability to develop into apterous neotenic reproductives that develop in the absence of reproductives to provide for continued growth of the colony.<ref>Miura, T., Scharf, M. E., Bignell, D. E., Roisin, Y., & Lo, N. (2011). Biology of termites: A modern synthesis. Molecular Basis Underlying Caste Differentiation in Termites pp 211–253 Roisin, Nathan Lo DOI:[https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3977-4_9 10.1007/978-90-481-3977-4_9]</ref>

	<ref>Harrison, M. C., Jongepier, E., Robertson, H. M., Arning, N., Bitard-Feildel, T., Chao, H., ... & Bornberg-Bauer, E. (2018). Hemimetabolous genomes reveal molecular basis of termite eusociality. Nature ecology & evolution, 2(3), 557-566. PMID: 29403074 PMCID: PMC6482461 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0459-1</ref>		<ref>Harrison, M. C., Jongepier, E., Robertson, H. M., Arning, N., Bitard-Feildel, T., Chao, H., ... & Bornberg-Bauer, E. (2018). Hemimetabolous genomes reveal molecular basis of termite eusociality. Nature ecology & evolution, 2(3), 557-566. PMID: 29403074 PMCID: PMC6482461 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0459-1</ref>
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	An important antioxidant contributing to survival in termites is uric acid, which is reserved and used as a valuable nitrogen source. Uric acid was shown to be provided by workers to reproductive castes.<ref>Tong, R. L., Patel, J. S., Gordon, J. M., Lee, S. B., Chouvenc, T., & Su, N. Y. (2023). Exuviae Recycling Can Enhance Queen Oviposition and Colony Growth in Subterranean Termites (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae: Coptotermes). Environmental Entomology, nvad009. PMID: 36773009 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad009</ref><ref>Tasaki, E., Sakurai, H., Nitao, M., Matsuura, K., & Iuchi, Y. (2017). Uric acid, an important antioxidant contributing to survival in termites. PLoS One, 12(6), e0179426. PMID: 28609463 PMCID: PMC5469489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179426</ref> It was found that king- and queen-specific degradation of uric acid contributes to reproduction and longevity in the subterranean termite ''Reticulitermes speratus''. The urate oxidase gene (RsUAOX), which catalyses the first step of nitrogen recycling from stored uric acid, was highly expressed in mature kings and queens, and upregulated with differentiation into neotenic kings/queens.<ref> Konishi, T., Tasaki, E., Takata, M., & Matsuura, K. (2023). King-and queen-specific degradation of uric acid contributes to reproduction in termites. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 290(1990), 20221942. PMID: 36598016 PMC9811635 (available on 2024-01-11) DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1942</ref>		An important antioxidant contributing to survival in termites is uric acid, which is reserved and used as a valuable nitrogen source. Uric acid was shown to be provided by workers to reproductive castes.<ref>Tong, R. L., Patel, J. S., Gordon, J. M., Lee, S. B., Chouvenc, T., & Su, N. Y. (2023). Exuviae Recycling Can Enhance Queen Oviposition and Colony Growth in Subterranean Termites (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae: Coptotermes). Environmental Entomology, nvad009. PMID: 36773009 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad009</ref><ref>Tasaki, E., Sakurai, H., Nitao, M., Matsuura, K., & Iuchi, Y. (2017). Uric acid, an important antioxidant contributing to survival in termites. PLoS One, 12(6), e0179426. PMID: 28609463 PMCID: PMC5469489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179426</ref> It was found that king- and queen-specific degradation of uric acid contributes to reproduction and longevity in the subterranean termite ''Reticulitermes speratus''. The urate oxidase gene (RsUAOX), which catalyses the first step of nitrogen recycling from stored uric acid, was highly expressed in mature kings and queens, and upregulated with differentiation into neotenic kings/queens.<ref> Konishi, T., Tasaki, E., Takata, M., & Matsuura, K. (2023). King-and queen-specific degradation of uric acid contributes to reproduction in termites. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 290(1990), 20221942. PMID: 36598016 PMC9811635 (available on 2024-01-11) DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1942</ref>

			<ref>Ma, X. M., Li, Y. X., Zhang, H. X., Liu, Q., Su, X. H., & Xing, L. X. (2020). Transcriptomic evidence that insulin signalling pathway regulates the ageing of subterranean termite castes. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-13. PMID: 32424344 PMCID: PMC7235038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64890-9</ref><ref>Séité, S., Harrison, M. C., Sillam-Dussès, D., Lupoli, R., Van Dooren, T. J., Robert, A., ... & Vasseur-Cognet, M. (2022). Lifespan prolonging mechanisms and insulin upregulation without fat accumulation in long-lived reproductives of a higher termite. Communications Biology, 5(1), 44. PMID: 35027667 PMCID: PMC8758687 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02974-6</ref>

			The haploid genome sizes (C-values) of termites (Isoptera) ranged from 0.58 to 1.90 pg, (1pg = 978 Mb).<ref>Monroy Kuhn, J. M., Meusemann, K., & Korb, J. (2019). Long live the queen, the king and the commoner? Transcript expression differences between old and young in the termite Cryptotermes secundus. PLoS One, 14(2), e0210371. PMID: 30759161 PMCID: PMC6373952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210371</ref>
	<ref>Ma, X. M., Li, Y. X., Zhang, H. X., Liu, Q., Su, X. H., & Xing, L. X. (2020). Transcriptomic evidence that insulin signalling pathway regulates the ageing of subterranean termite castes. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-13. PMID: 32424344 PMCID: PMC7235038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64890-9</ref>
	<ref>Séité, S., Harrison, M. C., Sillam-Dussès, D., Lupoli, R., Van Dooren, T. J., Robert, A., ... & Vasseur-Cognet, M. (2022). Lifespan prolonging mechanisms and insulin upregulation without fat accumulation in long-lived reproductives of a higher termite. Communications Biology, 5(1), 44. PMID: 35027667 PMCID: PMC8758687 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02974-6</ref>

	The haploid genome sizes (C-values) of termites (Isoptera) ranged from 0.58 to 1.90 pg, (1pg = 978 Mb)


	<ref>Monroy Kuhn, J. M., Meusemann, K., & Korb, J. (2019). Long live the queen, the king and the commoner? Transcript expression differences between old and young in the termite Cryptotermes secundus. PLoS One, 14(2), e0210371. PMID: 30759161 PMCID: PMC6373952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210371</ref>

	<ref>Harrison, M. C., Dohmen, E., George, S., Sillam-Dussès, D., Séité, S., & Vasseur-Cognet, M. (2022). Complex regulatory role of DNA methylation in caste-and age-specific expression of a termite. Open Biology, 12(7), 220047.PMID: 35857972 PMCID: PMC9256085 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220047</ref>		<ref>Harrison, M. C., Dohmen, E., George, S., Sillam-Dussès, D., Séité, S., & Vasseur-Cognet, M. (2022). Complex regulatory role of DNA methylation in caste-and age-specific expression of a termite. Open Biology, 12(7), 220047.PMID: 35857972 PMCID: PMC9256085 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220047</ref>
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	=== Genes underlying the reproductive division of labor ===		=== Genes underlying the reproductive division of labor ===
	For identifying differences in gene expression between queens and workers in eusocial insects pairs of the queen and worker RNA sequencing data were used to calculate the queen/worker ratio referred to as the QW ratio.<ref>Toga, K., & Bono, H. (2022). Meta-analysis of public RNA sequencing data of queens and workers in social Hymenoptera and termites. bioRxiv, 2022-11. Doi:[https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.11.20.516280 10.1101/2022.11.20.516280]</ref>		For identifying differences in gene expression between queens and workers in eusocial insects pairs of the queen and worker RNA sequencing data were used to calculate the queen/worker ratio referred to as the QW ratio.<ref>Toga, K., & Bono, H. (2022). Meta-analysis of public RNA sequencing data of queens and workers in social Hymenoptera and termites. bioRxiv, 2022-11. Doi:[https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.11.20.516280 10.1101/2022.11.20.516280]</ref> Meta-analysis of RNA-seq data revealed 20 genes with differential expression between queens and workers. Among these genes, '''vitellogenin and vitellogenin receptors''', which are highly expressed in queens across many social insects. '''SPARC (secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich) was highly expressed in queens''', and '''RSG7 (regulator of G protein signaling 7) was highly expressed in workers'''. In mice, SPARC promotes insulin secretion via down-regulation of regulator of G protein 4 (RGS4) expression in pancreatic β cells. Functional analyses of the 20 genes retrieved from massive datasets of a large number of eusocial species may reveal in the future key regulators of the reproductive division of labor and and multiple differences in life expectancy.
	Meta-analysis of RNA-seq data revealed 20 genes with differential expression between queens and workers. Among these genes, '''vitellogenin and vitellogenin receptors''', which are highly expressed in queens across many social insects.
	'''SPARC (secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich) was highly expressed in queens''', and '''RSG7 (regulator of G protein signaling 7) was highly expressed in workers'''. In mice, SPARC promotes insulin secretion via ~~downregulation~~ of regulator of G protein 4 (RGS4) expression in pancreatic β cells.
	Functional analyses of the 20 genes retrieved from massive datasets of a large number of eusocial species may reveal in the future key regulators of the reproductive division of labor and and multiple differences in life expectancy.

	When workers leave the natal colony or a queen dies, the expression of stage-specific genes is induced in workers, which leads to the differentiation of workers to reproductives. <ref name="Ras">Ye, C., Rasheed, H., Ran, Y., Yang, X., Xing, L., & Su, X. (2019). Transcriptome changes reveal the genetic mechanisms of the reproductive plasticity of workers in lower termites. BMC Genomics, 20.702. PMID: 31500567 PMCID: PMC6734246 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6037-y</ref> In particular the relative expression level of '''Ras''' in the isolated female workers (IWs) '''was 131-fold than that of the workers''', which indicated that Ras was especially overexpressed in workers in the absence of queens for activation of the Ras-ERK signalling pathway to drive the ovary development of isolated workers.<ref name="Ras" /> It was suggested that the signal transduction along the Ras-MAPK pathway crucially controls the reproductive plasticity of the workers and short-lived individuals can become long-lived individuals by the transition of castes.<ref name="Ras" />		When workers leave the natal colony or a queen dies, the expression of stage-specific genes is induced in workers, which leads to the differentiation of workers to reproductives.<ref name="Ras">Ye, C., Rasheed, H., Ran, Y., Yang, X., Xing, L., & Su, X. (2019). Transcriptome changes reveal the genetic mechanisms of the reproductive plasticity of workers in lower termites. BMC Genomics, 20.702. PMID: 31500567 PMCID: PMC6734246 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6037-y</ref> In particular the relative expression level of '''Ras''' in the isolated female workers (IWs) '''was 131-fold than that of the workers''', which indicated that Ras was especially overexpressed in workers in the absence of queens for activation of the Ras-ERK signalling pathway to drive the ovary development of isolated workers.<ref name="Ras" /> It was suggested that the signal transduction along the Ras-MAPK pathway crucially controls the reproductive plasticity of the workers and short-lived individuals can become long-lived individuals by the transition of castes.<ref name="Ras" />

	==== Effective transposon regulation ====		==== Effective transposon regulation ====

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* Termites */

2023-02-25T08:37:58Z

Termites

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:37, 25 February 2023
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	Although the question of how termite queens, which exhibit (as well as ants and honeybees) extraordinary longevity and fertility in comparison with non-reproductive individuals has attracted much attention, the molecular mechanisms involved are not yet understood. <ref name="kings">Tasaki, E., Takata, M., & Matsuura, K. (2021). Why and how do termite kings and queens live so long?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 376(1823), 20190740. PMID: 33678028 PMCID: PMC7938161 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0740</ref> It has been hypothesized that the queens of the termite ''Reticulitermes speratus'' have high level of oxidative stress resistance and suffer lower levels of oxidative damage than non-reproductive workers, due to the a highly efficient antioxidant system. In particular, queens had two times higher catalase activity and more than seven times higher expression levels of the catalase gene RsCAT1 than workers. Queens also showed higher expression levels of the peroxiredoxin gene RsPRX6.<ref>Tasaki, E., Kobayashi, K., Matsuura, K., & Iuchi, Y. (2017). An efficient antioxidant system in a long-lived termite queen. PLoS One, 12(1), e0167412. PMID: 28076409 PMCID: PMC5226355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167412</ref>		Although the question of how termite queens, which exhibit (as well as ants and honeybees) extraordinary longevity and fertility in comparison with non-reproductive individuals has attracted much attention, the molecular mechanisms involved are not yet understood. <ref name="kings">Tasaki, E., Takata, M., & Matsuura, K. (2021). Why and how do termite kings and queens live so long?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 376(1823), 20190740. PMID: 33678028 PMCID: PMC7938161 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0740</ref> It has been hypothesized that the queens of the termite ''Reticulitermes speratus'' have high level of oxidative stress resistance and suffer lower levels of oxidative damage than non-reproductive workers, due to the a highly efficient antioxidant system. In particular, queens had two times higher catalase activity and more than seven times higher expression levels of the catalase gene RsCAT1 than workers. Queens also showed higher expression levels of the peroxiredoxin gene RsPRX6.<ref>Tasaki, E., Kobayashi, K., Matsuura, K., & Iuchi, Y. (2017). An efficient antioxidant system in a long-lived termite queen. PLoS One, 12(1), e0167412. PMID: 28076409 PMCID: PMC5226355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167412</ref>

	<ref>Tasaki, E., Sakurai, H., Nitao, M., Matsuura, K., & Iuchi, Y. (2017). Uric acid, an important antioxidant contributing to survival in termites. PLoS One, 12(6), e0179426. PMID: 28609463 PMCID: PMC5469489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179426</ref>		An important antioxidant contributing to survival in termites is uric acid, which is reserved and used as a valuable nitrogen source. Uric acid was shown to be provided by workers to reproductive castes.<ref>Tong, R. L., Patel, J. S., Gordon, J. M., Lee, S. B., Chouvenc, T., & Su, N. Y. (2023). Exuviae Recycling Can Enhance Queen Oviposition and Colony Growth in Subterranean Termites (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae: Coptotermes). Environmental Entomology, nvad009. PMID: 36773009 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad009</ref><ref>Tasaki, E., Sakurai, H., Nitao, M., Matsuura, K., & Iuchi, Y. (2017). Uric acid, an important antioxidant contributing to survival in termites. PLoS One, 12(6), e0179426. PMID: 28609463 PMCID: PMC5469489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179426</ref> It was found that king- and queen-specific degradation of uric acid contributes to reproduction and longevity in the subterranean termite ''Reticulitermes speratus''. The urate oxidase gene (RsUAOX), which catalyses the first step of nitrogen recycling from stored uric acid, was highly expressed in mature kings and queens, and upregulated with differentiation into neotenic kings/queens.<ref> Konishi, T., Tasaki, E., Takata, M., & Matsuura, K. (2023). King-and queen-specific degradation of uric acid contributes to reproduction in termites. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 290(1990), 20221942. PMID: 36598016 PMC9811635 (available on 2024-01-11) DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1942</ref>



	<ref>Ma, X. M., Li, Y. X., Zhang, H. X., Liu, Q., Su, X. H., & Xing, L. X. (2020). Transcriptomic evidence that insulin signalling pathway regulates the ageing of subterranean termite castes. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-13. PMID: 32424344 PMCID: PMC7235038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64890-9</ref>		<ref>Ma, X. M., Li, Y. X., Zhang, H. X., Liu, Q., Su, X. H., & Xing, L. X. (2020). Transcriptomic evidence that insulin signalling pathway regulates the ageing of subterranean termite castes. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-13. PMID: 32424344 PMCID: PMC7235038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64890-9</ref>

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* Effective transposon regulation */

2023-02-25T07:17:41Z

Effective transposon regulation

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:17, 25 February 2023
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	==== Effective transposon regulation ====		==== Effective transposon regulation ====
	For termites but not for hymenopterans, it was found that caste and age was associated with '''the expression of [[Transposons in aging\|transposable elements (TEs)]]'''. TE expression did not increase with age in the fat body of queens, despite a sevenfold increase in overall gene expression, due to a significant upregulation of the piRNA-pathway in 20-year-old queens of ''Macrotermes natalensis''~~, while sterile workers who live only weeks had substantially higher TE activity~~.<ref>Post, F., Bornberg‐Bauer, E., Vasseur‐Cognet, M., & Harrison, M. C. (2023). More effective transposon regulation in fertile, long‐lived termite queens than in sterile workers. Molecular Ecology, 32(2), 369-380. PMID: 36320186 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16753</ref><ref>Elsner, D., Meusemann, K., & Korb, J. (2018). Longevity and transposon defense, the case of termite reproductives. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(21), 5504-5509. PMID: 29735660 PMCID: PMC6003524 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804046115</ref>		For termites but not for hymenopterans, it was found that caste and age was associated with '''the expression of [[Transposons in aging\|transposable elements (TEs)]]'''. While sterile workers who live only weeks had substantially higher TE activity, TE expression did not increase with age in the fat body of queens, despite a sevenfold increase in overall gene expression, due to a significant upregulation of the piRNA-pathway in 20-year-old queens of ''Macrotermes natalensis''.<ref>Post, F., Bornberg‐Bauer, E., Vasseur‐Cognet, M., & Harrison, M. C. (2023). More effective transposon regulation in fertile, long‐lived termite queens than in sterile workers. Molecular Ecology, 32(2), 369-380. PMID: 36320186 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16753</ref><ref>Elsner, D., Meusemann, K., & Korb, J. (2018). Longevity and transposon defense, the case of termite reproductives. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(21), 5504-5509. PMID: 29735660 PMCID: PMC6003524 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804046115</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* Termites */

2023-02-25T07:03:54Z

Termites

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:03, 25 February 2023
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	The haploid genome sizes (C-values) of termites (Isoptera) ranged from 0.58 to 1.90 pg, (1pg = 978 Mb)		The haploid genome sizes (C-values) of termites (Isoptera) ranged from 0.58 to 1.90 pg, (1pg = 978 Mb)
	For termites but not for hymenopterans, it was found that caste and age was associated with the expression of transposable elements (TEs).<ref>Post, F., Bornberg‐Bauer, E., Vasseur‐Cognet, M., & Harrison, M. C. (2023). More effective transposon regulation in fertile, long‐lived termite queens than in sterile workers. Molecular Ecology, 32(2), 369-380. PMID: 36320186 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16753</ref><ref>Elsner, D., Meusemann, K., & Korb, J. (2018). Longevity and transposon defense, the case of termite reproductives. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(21), 5504-5509. PMID: 29735660 PMCID: PMC6003524 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804046115</ref>

	<ref>Monroy Kuhn, J. M., Meusemann, K., & Korb, J. (2019). Long live the queen, the king and the commoner? Transcript expression differences between old and young in the termite Cryptotermes secundus. PLoS One, 14(2), e0210371. PMID: 30759161 PMCID: PMC6373952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210371</ref>		<ref>Monroy Kuhn, J. M., Meusemann, K., & Korb, J. (2019). Long live the queen, the king and the commoner? Transcript expression differences between old and young in the termite Cryptotermes secundus. PLoS One, 14(2), e0210371. PMID: 30759161 PMCID: PMC6373952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210371</ref>

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* Termites */

2023-02-25T07:00:50Z

Termites

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:00, 25 February 2023
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	<ref>Tasaki, E., Sakurai, H., Nitao, M., Matsuura, K., & Iuchi, Y. (2017). Uric acid, an important antioxidant contributing to survival in termites. PLoS One, 12(6), e0179426. PMID: 28609463 PMCID: PMC5469489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179426</ref>		<ref>Tasaki, E., Sakurai, H., Nitao, M., Matsuura, K., & Iuchi, Y. (2017). Uric acid, an important antioxidant contributing to survival in termites. PLoS One, 12(6), e0179426. PMID: 28609463 PMCID: PMC5469489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179426</ref>

	<ref>Yan, H., Opachaloemphan, C., Carmona-Aldana, F., Mancini, G., Mlejnek, J., Descostes, N., ... & Reinberg, D. (2022). Insulin signaling in the long-lived reproductive caste of ants. Science, 377(6610), 1092-1099. PMID: 36048960 PMCID: PMC9526546 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm8767</ref>
	<ref>Ma, X. M., Li, Y. X., Zhang, H. X., Liu, Q., Su, X. H., & Xing, L. X. (2020). Transcriptomic evidence that insulin signalling pathway regulates the ageing of subterranean termite castes. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-13. PMID: 32424344 PMCID: PMC7235038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64890-9</ref>		<ref>Ma, X. M., Li, Y. X., Zhang, H. X., Liu, Q., Su, X. H., & Xing, L. X. (2020). Transcriptomic evidence that insulin signalling pathway regulates the ageing of subterranean termite castes. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-13. PMID: 32424344 PMCID: PMC7235038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64890-9</ref>
	<ref>Séité, S., Harrison, M. C., Sillam-Dussès, D., Lupoli, R., Van Dooren, T. J., Robert, A., ... & Vasseur-Cognet, M. (2022). Lifespan prolonging mechanisms and insulin upregulation without fat accumulation in long-lived reproductives of a higher termite. Communications Biology, 5(1), 44. PMID: 35027667 PMCID: PMC8758687 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02974-6</ref>		<ref>Séité, S., Harrison, M. C., Sillam-Dussès, D., Lupoli, R., Van Dooren, T. J., Robert, A., ... & Vasseur-Cognet, M. (2022). Lifespan prolonging mechanisms and insulin upregulation without fat accumulation in long-lived reproductives of a higher termite. Communications Biology, 5(1), 44. PMID: 35027667 PMCID: PMC8758687 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02974-6</ref>
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	<ref>Harrison, M. C., Dohmen, E., George, S., Sillam-Dussès, D., Séité, S., & Vasseur-Cognet, M. (2022). Complex regulatory role of DNA methylation in caste-and age-specific expression of a termite. Open Biology, 12(7), 220047.PMID: 35857972 PMCID: PMC9256085 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220047</ref>		<ref>Harrison, M. C., Dohmen, E., George, S., Sillam-Dussès, D., Séité, S., & Vasseur-Cognet, M. (2022). Complex regulatory role of DNA methylation in caste-and age-specific expression of a termite. Open Biology, 12(7), 220047.PMID: 35857972 PMCID: PMC9256085 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220047</ref>



	== Mechanisms of exceptional longevity ==		== Mechanisms of exceptional longevity ==

Dmitry Dzhagarov at 06:41, 25 February 2023

2023-02-25T06:41:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:41, 25 February 2023
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	<ref>Harrison, M. C., Dohmen, E., George, S., Sillam-Dussès, D., Séité, S., & Vasseur-Cognet, M. (2022). Complex regulatory role of DNA methylation in caste-and age-specific expression of a termite. Open Biology, 12(7), 220047.PMID: 35857972 PMCID: PMC9256085 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220047</ref>		<ref>Harrison, M. C., Dohmen, E., George, S., Sillam-Dussès, D., Séité, S., & Vasseur-Cognet, M. (2022). Complex regulatory role of DNA methylation in caste-and age-specific expression of a termite. Open Biology, 12(7), 220047.PMID: 35857972 PMCID: PMC9256085 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220047</ref>

	~~== Genes underlying the reproductive division of labor ==~~
	For identifying differences in gene expression between queens and workers in eusocial insects pairs of the queen and worker RNA sequencing data were used to calculate the queen/worker ratio referred to as the QW ratio.<ref>Toga, K., & Bono, H. (2022). Meta-analysis of public RNA sequencing data of queens and workers in social Hymenoptera and termites. bioRxiv, 2022-11. Doi:[https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.11.20.516280 10.1101/2022.11.20.516280]</ref>
	Meta-analysis of RNA-seq data revealed 20 genes with differential expression between queens and workers. Among these genes, '''vitellogenin and vitellogenin receptors''', which are highly expressed in queens across many social insects.
	'''SPARC (secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich) was highly expressed in queens''', and '''RSG7 (regulator of G protein signaling 7) was highly expressed in workers'''. In mice, SPARC promotes insulin secretion via downregulation of regulator of G protein 4 (RGS4) expression in pancreatic β cells.
	Functional analyses of the 20 genes retrieved from massive datasets of a large number of eusocial species may reveal in the future key regulators of the reproductive division of labor and and multiple differences in life expectancy.

	When workers leave the natal colony or a queen dies, the expression of stage-specific genes is induced in workers, which leads to the differentiation of workers to reproductives. <ref name="Ras">Ye, C., Rasheed, H., Ran, Y., Yang, X., Xing, L., & Su, X. (2019). Transcriptome changes reveal the genetic mechanisms of the reproductive plasticity of workers in lower termites. BMC Genomics, 20.702. PMID: 31500567 PMCID: PMC6734246 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6037-y</ref> In particular the relative expression level of '''Ras''' in the isolated female workers (IWs) '''was 131-fold than that of the workers''', which indicated that Ras was especially overexpressed in workers in the absence of queens for activation of the Ras-ERK signalling pathway to drive the ovary development of isolated workers.<ref name="Ras" /> It was suggested that the signal transduction along the Ras-MAPK pathway crucially controls the reproductive plasticity of the workers and short-lived individuals can become long-lived individuals by the transition of castes.<ref name="Ras" />

	== Mechanisms of exceptional longevity ==		== Mechanisms of exceptional longevity ==
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	=== Oxidative stress resistance ===		=== Oxidative stress resistance ===
	Vitellogenin (Vtg or Vg) is an egg yolk precursor produced by nearly all egg-laying females species. It is a source of nutrient and has additional roles in the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS).<ref>Havukainen H, Münch D, Baumann A, Zhong S, Halskau Ø, Krogsgaard M, Amdam GV. Vitellogenin recognizes cell damage through membrane binding and shields living cells from reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem. 2013 Sep 27;288(39):28369-81. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.465021.</ref> The '''expression of vitellogenin (Vg) appears to be linked to the queens increased resistance to stress'''.<ref>Seehuus SC, Norberg K, Gimsa U, Krekling T, Amdam GV (2006) Reproductive protein protects functionally sterile honey bee workers from oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:962–967</ref> Bees with higher Vg levels had increased survival, while reducing the expression of Vg led to decreased lifespan. However, in queen honey bees, the expression of antioxidant genes is not necessarily increased nor is required for their long lifespan.<ref>Corona M, Hughes KA, Weaver DB, Robinson GE (2005) Gene expression patterns associated with queen honey bee longevity. Mech Ageing Dev 126:1230–1238</ref>		Vitellogenin (Vtg or Vg) is an egg yolk precursor produced by nearly all egg-laying females species. It is a source of nutrient and has additional roles in the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS).<ref>Havukainen H, Münch D, Baumann A, Zhong S, Halskau Ø, Krogsgaard M, Amdam GV. Vitellogenin recognizes cell damage through membrane binding and shields living cells from reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem. 2013 Sep 27;288(39):28369-81. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.465021.</ref> The '''expression of vitellogenin (Vg) appears to be linked to the queens increased resistance to stress'''.<ref>Seehuus SC, Norberg K, Gimsa U, Krekling T, Amdam GV (2006) Reproductive protein protects functionally sterile honey bee workers from oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:962–967</ref> Bees with higher Vg levels had increased survival, while reducing the expression of Vg led to decreased lifespan. However, in queen honey bees, the expression of antioxidant genes is not necessarily increased nor is required for their long lifespan.<ref>Corona M, Hughes KA, Weaver DB, Robinson GE (2005) Gene expression patterns associated with queen honey bee longevity. Mech Ageing Dev 126:1230–1238</ref>

			=== Genes underlying the reproductive division of labor ===
			For identifying differences in gene expression between queens and workers in eusocial insects pairs of the queen and worker RNA sequencing data were used to calculate the queen/worker ratio referred to as the QW ratio.<ref>Toga, K., & Bono, H. (2022). Meta-analysis of public RNA sequencing data of queens and workers in social Hymenoptera and termites. bioRxiv, 2022-11. Doi:[https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.11.20.516280 10.1101/2022.11.20.516280]</ref>
			Meta-analysis of RNA-seq data revealed 20 genes with differential expression between queens and workers. Among these genes, '''vitellogenin and vitellogenin receptors''', which are highly expressed in queens across many social insects.
			'''SPARC (secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich) was highly expressed in queens''', and '''RSG7 (regulator of G protein signaling 7) was highly expressed in workers'''. In mice, SPARC promotes insulin secretion via downregulation of regulator of G protein 4 (RGS4) expression in pancreatic β cells.
			Functional analyses of the 20 genes retrieved from massive datasets of a large number of eusocial species may reveal in the future key regulators of the reproductive division of labor and and multiple differences in life expectancy.

			When workers leave the natal colony or a queen dies, the expression of stage-specific genes is induced in workers, which leads to the differentiation of workers to reproductives. <ref name="Ras">Ye, C., Rasheed, H., Ran, Y., Yang, X., Xing, L., & Su, X. (2019). Transcriptome changes reveal the genetic mechanisms of the reproductive plasticity of workers in lower termites. BMC Genomics, 20.702. PMID: 31500567 PMCID: PMC6734246 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6037-y</ref> In particular the relative expression level of '''Ras''' in the isolated female workers (IWs) '''was 131-fold than that of the workers''', which indicated that Ras was especially overexpressed in workers in the absence of queens for activation of the Ras-ERK signalling pathway to drive the ovary development of isolated workers.<ref name="Ras" /> It was suggested that the signal transduction along the Ras-MAPK pathway crucially controls the reproductive plasticity of the workers and short-lived individuals can become long-lived individuals by the transition of castes.<ref name="Ras" />

			==== Effective transposon regulation ====
			For termites but not for hymenopterans, it was found that caste and age was associated with '''the expression of [[Transposons in aging\|transposable elements (TEs)]]'''. TE expression did not increase with age in the fat body of queens, despite a sevenfold increase in overall gene expression, due to a significant upregulation of the piRNA-pathway in 20-year-old queens of ''Macrotermes natalensis'', while sterile workers who live only weeks had substantially higher TE activity.<ref>Post, F., Bornberg‐Bauer, E., Vasseur‐Cognet, M., & Harrison, M. C. (2023). More effective transposon regulation in fertile, long‐lived termite queens than in sterile workers. Molecular Ecology, 32(2), 369-380. PMID: 36320186 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16753</ref><ref>Elsner, D., Meusemann, K., & Korb, J. (2018). Longevity and transposon defense, the case of termite reproductives. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(21), 5504-5509. PMID: 29735660 PMCID: PMC6003524 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804046115</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==
	<references />		<references />
	[[Category:Main list]]		[[Category:Main list]]
	[[Category:Fundamentals]]		[[Category:Fundamentals]]