Taurine - Revision history

Dmitry Dzhagarov at 16:05, 27 December 2023

2023-12-27T16:05:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:05, 27 December 2023
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	'''Taurine''', or 2-aminoethane sulfonic acid, is a conditionally essential amino acid. It can be obtained either exogenously through dietary sources or endogenously through biosynthesis from methionine and cysteine precursors, both essential sulfurcontaining alpha-amino acids. Taurine is known to be an inhibitory neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In humans, small clinical trials of '''taurine supplementation in adults have suggested benefits in metabolic and inflammatory diseases'''. Concentrations of circulating taurine decline with aging in mice, monkeys, and humans. A reversal of this decline through '''taurine supplementation increased the health span (the period of healthy living) and life span in mice and health span in monkeys'''.<ref name="Singh" >Singh, P., Gollapalli, K., Mangiola, S., Schranner, D., Yusuf, M. A., Chamoli, M., ... & Yadav, V. K. (2023). Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging. Science, 380(6649), eabn9257. PMID: 37289866 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10630957/ PMC10630957] DOI: 10.1126/science.abn9257</ref>		'''Taurine''', or 2-aminoethane sulfonic acid, is a conditionally essential amino acid. It can be obtained either exogenously through dietary sources or endogenously through biosynthesis from methionine and cysteine precursors, both essential sulfurcontaining alpha-amino acids. Taurine is known to be an inhibitory neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In humans, small clinical trials of '''taurine supplementation in adults have suggested benefits in metabolic and inflammatory diseases'''. Concentrations of circulating taurine decline with aging in mice, monkeys, and humans. A reversal of this decline through '''taurine supplementation increased the health span (the period of healthy living) and life span in mice and health span in monkeys'''.<ref name="Singh" >Singh, P., Gollapalli, K., Mangiola, S., Schranner, D., Yusuf, M. A., Chamoli, M., ... & Yadav, V. K. (2023). Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging. Science, 380(6649), eabn9257. PMID: 37289866 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10630957/ PMC10630957] DOI: 10.1126/science.abn9257</ref><ref>Valero, M. V. (2023). [https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-01910-4 Taurine supplement makes animals live longer — what it means for people is unclear]. Nature. PMID: 37296260 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-01910-4</ref>

	== The structure of taurine ==		== The structure of taurine ==

Dmitry Dzhagarov at 15:07, 27 December 2023

2023-12-27T15:07:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:07, 27 December 2023
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	'''Taurine''', or 2-aminoethane sulfonic acid, is a conditionally essential amino acid. It can be obtained either exogenously through dietary sources or endogenously through biosynthesis from methionine and cysteine precursors, both essential sulfurcontaining alpha-amino acids. Taurine is known to be an inhibitory neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In humans, small clinical trials of taurine supplementation in adults have suggested benefits in metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Concentrations of circulating taurine decline with aging in mice, monkeys, and humans. A reversal of this decline through taurine supplementation increased the health span (the period of healthy living) and life span in mice and health span in monkeys. <ref name="Singh" >Singh, P., Gollapalli, K., Mangiola, S., Schranner, D., Yusuf, M. A., Chamoli, M., ... & Yadav, V. K. (2023). Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging. Science, 380(6649), eabn9257. PMID: 37289866 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10630957/ PMC10630957] DOI: 10.1126/science.abn9257</ref>		'''Taurine''', or 2-aminoethane sulfonic acid, is a conditionally essential amino acid. It can be obtained either exogenously through dietary sources or endogenously through biosynthesis from methionine and cysteine precursors, both essential sulfurcontaining alpha-amino acids. Taurine is known to be an inhibitory neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In humans, small clinical trials of '''taurine supplementation in adults have suggested benefits in metabolic and inflammatory diseases'''. Concentrations of circulating taurine decline with aging in mice, monkeys, and humans. A reversal of this decline through '''taurine supplementation increased the health span (the period of healthy living) and life span in mice and health span in monkeys'''.<ref name="Singh" >Singh, P., Gollapalli, K., Mangiola, S., Schranner, D., Yusuf, M. A., Chamoli, M., ... & Yadav, V. K. (2023). Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging. Science, 380(6649), eabn9257. PMID: 37289866 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10630957/ PMC10630957] DOI: 10.1126/science.abn9257</ref>

	== The structure of taurine ==		== The structure of taurine ==

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* Taurine may improve exercise capacity */

2023-12-27T15:03:29Z

Taurine may improve exercise capacity

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:03, 27 December 2023
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	== Taurine may improve exercise capacity ==		== Taurine may improve exercise capacity ==
	Blood taurine levels can be increased, at least temporarily, after a short period of exercise,<ref name="Singh" /> with some authors suggested that taurine may play a causal role in explaining why exercise is beneficial to human metabolic health by mediating atheroprotection.<ref>Beutner, F., Ritter, C., Scholz, M., Teren, A., Holdt, L. M., Teupser, D., ... & Ceglarek, U. (2022). A metabolomic approach to identify the link between sports activity and atheroprotection. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 29(3), 436-444. PMID: 33624084 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa122</ref> Some studies suggest that taurine may improve exercise capacity, reduce muscle damage, and alleviate exercise-induced oxidative stress.<ref>Chen, Q., Li, Z., Pinho, R. A., Gupta, R. C., Ugbolue, U. C., Thirupathi, A., & Gu, Y. (2021). The dose response of taurine on aerobic and strength exercises: a systematic review. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, 700352. PMID: 34497536 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8419774/ PMC8419774] DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.700352</ref> Its potential to increase muscle contractility and decrease fatigue has garnered interest among athletes. Nevertheless, conflicting findings warrant caution in interpreting these claims and several concerns on the use and abuse of energy drinks have been raised.<ref>Erdmann, J., Wiciński, M., Wódkiewicz, E., Nowaczewska, M., Słupski, M., Otto, S. W., ... & Malinowski, B. (2021). Effects of energy drink consumption on physical performance and potential danger of inordinate usage. Nutrients, 13(8), 2506. PMID: 34444666 [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8401129 PMC8401129] DOI: 10.3390/nu13082506</ref><ref>Jagim, A. R., Harty, P. S., Tinsley, G. M., Kerksick, C. M., Gonzalez, A. M., Kreider, R. B., ... & Antonio, J. (2023). International society of sports nutrition position stand: energy drinks and energy shots. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 20(1), 2171314. PMID: 36862943 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9987737/ PMC9987737] DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2171314</ref>		Blood taurine levels can be increased, at least temporarily, after a short period of exercise,<ref name="Singh" /> with some authors suggested that taurine may play a causal role in explaining why exercise is beneficial to human metabolic health by mediating atheroprotection.<ref>Beutner, F., Ritter, C., Scholz, M., Teren, A., Holdt, L. M., Teupser, D., ... & Ceglarek, U. (2022). A metabolomic approach to identify the link between sports activity and atheroprotection. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 29(3), 436-444. PMID: 33624084 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa122</ref> Some studies suggest that taurine may improve exercise capacity, reduce muscle damage, and alleviate exercise-induced oxidative stress.<ref>Chen, Q., Li, Z., Pinho, R. A., Gupta, R. C., Ugbolue, U. C., Thirupathi, A., & Gu, Y. (2021). The dose response of taurine on aerobic and strength exercises: a systematic review. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, 700352. PMID: 34497536 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8419774/ PMC8419774] DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.700352</ref> Its potential to increase muscle contractility and decrease fatigue has garnered interest among athletes. Nevertheless, conflicting findings warrant caution in interpreting these claims and several concerns on the use and abuse of energy drinks have been raised.<ref>Erdmann, J., Wiciński, M., Wódkiewicz, E., Nowaczewska, M., Słupski, M., Otto, S. W., ... & Malinowski, B. (2021). Effects of energy drink consumption on physical performance and potential danger of inordinate usage. Nutrients, 13(8), 2506. PMID: 34444666 [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8401129 PMC8401129] DOI: 10.3390/nu13082506</ref><ref>Jagim, A. R., Harty, P. S., Tinsley, G. M., Kerksick, C. M., Gonzalez, A. M., Kreider, R. B., ... & Antonio, J. (2023). International society of sports nutrition position stand: energy drinks and energy shots. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 20(1), 2171314. PMID: 36862943 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9987737/ PMC9987737] DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2171314</ref>

			== Effects of Taurine on Gut Microbiota ==
			'''Foods rich in taurine include meat, fish, poultry, and dairy products'''. Vegetarians and vegans may have a lower taurine intake due to their dietary restrictions.<ref>Laidlaw, S. A., Shultz, T. D., Cecchino, J. T., & Kopple, J. D. (1988). Plasma and urine taurine levels in vegans. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 47(4), 660-663. PMID: 3354491 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/47.4.660</ref>
			Taurine was shown to positively affect the restoration of intestinal homeostasis, suggesting that it could be harnessed to treat or prevent gut dysbiosis.<ref>Qian, W., Li, M., Yu, L., Tian, F., Zhao, J., & Zhai, Q. (2023). Effects of Taurine on Gut Microbiota Homeostasis: An Evaluation Based on Two Models of Gut Dysbiosis. Biomedicines, 11(4), 1048. PMID: 37189666 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10135931 PMC10135931] DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041048</ref>

			Human intestinal microbiota converts taurine to the toxic metabolite hydrogen sulfide (H<sup>2</sup>S) with ambivalent impact on host health.<ref>Peck, S. C., Denger, K., Burrichter, A., Irwin, S. M., Balskus, E. P., & Schleheck, D. (2019). A glycyl radical enzyme enables hydrogen sulfide production by the human intestinal bacterium Bilophila wadsworthia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(8), 3171-3176. PMID: 30718429 PMCID: PMC6386719 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815661116</ref>

			Infections induce taurine production so that gut microbiota convert taurine to sulfide and ultimately inhibit pathogen respiration, which contributes to the maintenance of resistance to pathogens.<ref>Stacy, A., Andrade-Oliveira, V., McCulloch, J. A., Hild, B., Oh, J. H., Perez-Chaparro, P. J., ... & Belkaid, Y. (2021). Infection trains the host for microbiota-enhanced resistance to pathogens. Cell, 184(3), 615-627. PMID: 33453153 PMCID: PMC8786454 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.011</ref>

	==References==		==References==

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* Taurine may improve exercise capacity */

2023-12-27T11:29:05Z

Taurine may improve exercise capacity

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:29, 27 December 2023
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	== Taurine may improve exercise capacity ==		== Taurine may improve exercise capacity ==
	Blood taurine levels can be increased, at least temporarily, after a short period of exercise,<ref name="Singh" /> with some authors suggested that taurine may play a causal role in explaining why exercise is beneficial to human metabolic health by mediating atheroprotection.<ref>Beutner, F., Ritter, C., Scholz, M., Teren, A., Holdt, L. M., Teupser, D., ... & Ceglarek, U. (2022). A metabolomic approach to identify the link between sports activity and atheroprotection. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 29(3), 436-444. PMID: 33624084 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa122</ref> Some studies suggest that taurine may improve exercise capacity, reduce muscle damage, and alleviate exercise-induced oxidative stress.<ref>Chen, Q., Li, Z., Pinho, R. A., Gupta, R. C., Ugbolue, U. C., Thirupathi, A., & Gu, Y. (2021). The dose response of taurine on aerobic and strength exercises: a systematic review. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, 700352. PMID: 34497536 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8419774/ PMC8419774] DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.700352</ref> Its potential to increase muscle contractility and decrease fatigue has garnered interest among athletes. Nevertheless, conflicting findings warrant caution in interpreting these claims and several concerns on the use and abuse of energy drinks have been raised.<ref>Erdmann, J., Wiciński, M., Wódkiewicz, E., Nowaczewska, M., Słupski, M., Otto, S. W., ... & Malinowski, B. (2021). Effects of energy drink consumption on physical performance and potential danger of inordinate usage. Nutrients, 13(8), 2506. PMID: 34444666 [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8401129 PMC8401129] DOI: 10.3390/nu13082506</ref><ref> PMID: 36862943 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9987737/ PMC9987737] DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2171314</ref>		Blood taurine levels can be increased, at least temporarily, after a short period of exercise,<ref name="Singh" /> with some authors suggested that taurine may play a causal role in explaining why exercise is beneficial to human metabolic health by mediating atheroprotection.<ref>Beutner, F., Ritter, C., Scholz, M., Teren, A., Holdt, L. M., Teupser, D., ... & Ceglarek, U. (2022). A metabolomic approach to identify the link between sports activity and atheroprotection. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 29(3), 436-444. PMID: 33624084 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa122</ref> Some studies suggest that taurine may improve exercise capacity, reduce muscle damage, and alleviate exercise-induced oxidative stress.<ref>Chen, Q., Li, Z., Pinho, R. A., Gupta, R. C., Ugbolue, U. C., Thirupathi, A., & Gu, Y. (2021). The dose response of taurine on aerobic and strength exercises: a systematic review. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, 700352. PMID: 34497536 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8419774/ PMC8419774] DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.700352</ref> Its potential to increase muscle contractility and decrease fatigue has garnered interest among athletes. Nevertheless, conflicting findings warrant caution in interpreting these claims and several concerns on the use and abuse of energy drinks have been raised.<ref>Erdmann, J., Wiciński, M., Wódkiewicz, E., Nowaczewska, M., Słupski, M., Otto, S. W., ... & Malinowski, B. (2021). Effects of energy drink consumption on physical performance and potential danger of inordinate usage. Nutrients, 13(8), 2506. PMID: 34444666 [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8401129 PMC8401129] DOI: 10.3390/nu13082506</ref><ref>Jagim, A. R., Harty, P. S., Tinsley, G. M., Kerksick, C. M., Gonzalez, A. M., Kreider, R. B., ... & Antonio, J. (2023). International society of sports nutrition position stand: energy drinks and energy shots. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 20(1), 2171314. PMID: 36862943 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9987737/ PMC9987737] DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2171314</ref>

	==References==		==References==

Dmitry Dzhagarov: /* Age- and disease-related deficiency */

2023-12-27T11:26:22Z

Age- and disease-related deficiency

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:26, 27 December 2023
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	== Age- and disease-related deficiency ==		== Age- and disease-related deficiency ==
	Healthy elderly patients ages 61 to 81 have up to a 49% decrease in plasma taurine concentration compared with healthy individuals ages 27 to 57.<ref name="Singh" /><ref>Adachi, Y., Ono, N., Imaizumi, A., Muramatsu, T., Andou, T., Shimodaira, Y., ... & Nukada, H. (2018). Plasma amino acid profile in severely frail elderly patients in Japan. International Journal of Gerontology, 12(4), 290-293.</ref> Investigation of the effects of long-term administration of taurine at low doses on aging in rodents suggest that taurine could attenuate the age-related decline in O<sub>2</sub> consumption and skeletal muscle spontaneous locomotor activity via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), cytochrome c (Cycs), myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A), glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), and myoglobin, which are regulated by the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK),<ref>Ma, Y., Maruta, H., Sun, B., Wang, C., Isono, C., & Yamashita, H. (2021). Effects of long-term taurine supplementation on age-related changes in skeletal muscle function of Sprague–Dawley rats. Amino Acids, 53, 159-170. PMID: 33398526 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02934-0</ref> and via the interaction with the taurine transporter to stimulate phospholipase C (PLC) to increase the calcium influx in the cells and thereby activate AMPK.<ref>Sun, B., Maruta, H., Ma, Y., & Yamashita, H. (2023). Taurine Stimulates AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Modulates the Skeletal Muscle Functions in Rats via the Induction of Intracellular Calcium Influx. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 4125. PMID: 36835534 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9962205/ PMC9962205] DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044125</ref><ref name="Cardio" >Santulli, G., Kansakar, U., Varzideh, F., Mone, P., Jankauskas, S. S., & Lombardi, A. (2023). Functional Role of Taurine in Aging and Cardiovascular Health: An Updated Overview. Nutrients, 15(19), 4236. PMID: 37836520 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10574552/ PMC10574552] DOI: 10.3390/nu15194236</ref> However, it is assumed that an adequately powered randomized-controlled-trial (RCT) is needed to confirm whether taurine can meaningfully improve metabolic and microbiome health, and biological age. This trial should incorporate certain elements in order to provide the much-needed evidence to guide doctors, and also the community at large, to determine whether this promising and inexpensive amino acid is useful in improving human metabolic health.<ref>Ho, K. M., Lee, A., Wu, W., Chan, M. T., Ling, L., Lipman, J., ... & Wong, M. (2023). Flattening the biological age curve by improving metabolic health: to taurine or not to taurine, that’s the question. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology: JGC, 20(11), 813. PMID: 38098466 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10716614/ PMC10716614] DOI: 10.26599/1671-5411.2023.11.004</ref>		Healthy elderly patients ages 61 to 81 have up to a 49% decrease in plasma taurine concentration compared with healthy individuals ages 27 to 57.<ref name="Singh" /><ref>Adachi, Y., Ono, N., Imaizumi, A., Muramatsu, T., Andou, T., Shimodaira, Y., ... & Nukada, H. (2018). Plasma amino acid profile in severely frail elderly patients in Japan. International Journal of Gerontology, 12(4), 290-293.</ref> Investigation of the effects of long-term administration of taurine at low doses on aging in rodents suggest that taurine could attenuate the age-related decline in O<sub>2</sub> consumption and skeletal muscle spontaneous locomotor activity via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), cytochrome c (Cycs), myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A), glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), and myoglobin, which are regulated by the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK),<ref>Ma, Y., Maruta, H., Sun, B., Wang, C., Isono, C., & Yamashita, H. (2021). Effects of long-term taurine supplementation on age-related changes in skeletal muscle function of Sprague–Dawley rats. Amino Acids, 53, 159-170. PMID: 33398526 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02934-0</ref> and via the interaction with the taurine transporter to stimulate phospholipase C (PLC) to increase the calcium influx in the cells and thereby activate AMPK.<ref>Sun, B., Maruta, H., Ma, Y., & Yamashita, H. (2023). Taurine Stimulates AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Modulates the Skeletal Muscle Functions in Rats via the Induction of Intracellular Calcium Influx. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 4125. PMID: 36835534 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9962205/ PMC9962205] DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044125</ref><ref name="Cardio" >Santulli, G., Kansakar, U., Varzideh, F., Mone, P., Jankauskas, S. S., & Lombardi, A. (2023). Functional Role of Taurine in Aging and Cardiovascular Health: An Updated Overview. Nutrients, 15(19), 4236. PMID: 37836520 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10574552/ PMC10574552] DOI: 10.3390/nu15194236</ref> However, it is assumed that an adequately powered randomized-controlled-trial (RCT) is needed to confirm whether taurine can meaningfully improve metabolic and microbiome health, and biological age. This trial should incorporate certain elements in order to provide the much-needed evidence to guide doctors, and also the community at large, to determine whether this promising and inexpensive amino acid is useful in improving human metabolic health.<ref>Ho, K. M., Lee, A., Wu, W., Chan, M. T., Ling, L., Lipman, J., ... & Wong, M. (2023). Flattening the biological age curve by improving metabolic health: to taurine or not to taurine, that’s the question. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology: JGC, 20(11), 813. PMID: 38098466 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10716614/ PMC10716614] DOI: 10.26599/1671-5411.2023.11.004</ref>

			== Taurine may improve exercise capacity ==
			Blood taurine levels can be increased, at least temporarily, after a short period of exercise,<ref name="Singh" /> with some authors suggested that taurine may play a causal role in explaining why exercise is beneficial to human metabolic health by mediating atheroprotection.<ref>Beutner, F., Ritter, C., Scholz, M., Teren, A., Holdt, L. M., Teupser, D., ... & Ceglarek, U. (2022). A metabolomic approach to identify the link between sports activity and atheroprotection. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 29(3), 436-444. PMID: 33624084 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa122</ref> Some studies suggest that taurine may improve exercise capacity, reduce muscle damage, and alleviate exercise-induced oxidative stress.<ref>Chen, Q., Li, Z., Pinho, R. A., Gupta, R. C., Ugbolue, U. C., Thirupathi, A., & Gu, Y. (2021). The dose response of taurine on aerobic and strength exercises: a systematic review. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, 700352. PMID: 34497536 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8419774/ PMC8419774] DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.700352</ref> Its potential to increase muscle contractility and decrease fatigue has garnered interest among athletes. Nevertheless, conflicting findings warrant caution in interpreting these claims and several concerns on the use and abuse of energy drinks have been raised.<ref>Erdmann, J., Wiciński, M., Wódkiewicz, E., Nowaczewska, M., Słupski, M., Otto, S. W., ... & Malinowski, B. (2021). Effects of energy drink consumption on physical performance and potential danger of inordinate usage. Nutrients, 13(8), 2506. PMID: 34444666 [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8401129 PMC8401129] DOI: 10.3390/nu13082506</ref><ref> PMID: 36862943 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9987737/ PMC9987737] DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2171314</ref>

	==References==		==References==

Dmitry Dzhagarov: Created page with "'''Taurine''', or 2-aminoethane sulfonic acid, is a conditionally essential amino acid. It can be obtained either exogenously through dietary sources or endogenously through biosynthesis from methionine and cysteine precursors, both essential sulfurcontaining alpha-amino acids. Taurine is known to be an inhibitory neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In humans, small clinical trials of taurine supplementation in adults have suggested benefits in metabolic and inflammator..."

2023-12-27T09:56:14Z

Created page with "'''Taurine''', or 2-aminoethane sulfonic acid, is a conditionally essential amino acid. It can be obtained either exogenously through dietary sources or endogenously through biosynthesis from methionine and cysteine precursors, both essential sulfurcontaining alpha-amino acids. Taurine is known to be an inhibitory neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In humans, small clinical trials of taurine supplementation in adults have suggested benefits in metabolic and inflammator..."

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'''Taurine''', or 2-aminoethane sulfonic acid, is a conditionally essential amino acid. It can be obtained either exogenously through dietary sources or endogenously through biosynthesis from methionine and cysteine precursors, both essential sulfurcontaining alpha-amino acids. Taurine is known to be an inhibitory neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In humans, small clinical trials of taurine supplementation in adults have suggested benefits in metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Concentrations of circulating taurine decline with aging in mice, monkeys, and humans. A reversal of this decline through taurine supplementation increased the health span (the period of healthy living) and life span in mice and health span in monkeys. <ref name="Singh" >Singh, P., Gollapalli, K., Mangiola, S., Schranner, D., Yusuf, M. A., Chamoli, M., ... & Yadav, V. K. (2023). Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging. Science, 380(6649), eabn9257. PMID: 37289866 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10630957/ PMC10630957] DOI: 10.1126/science.abn9257</ref>

== The structure of taurine ==
The structure of taurine has two main differences from the essential amino acids. First, taurine’s amino group is attached to the betacarbon rather than the alpha-carbon, making it a beta-amino acid instead of an alpha-amino acid. Second, the acid group in taurine is sulfonic acid, whereas the essential amino acids have a carboxylic acid. Because of its distinctive structure, taurine is not used as a structural unit in proteins, existing mostly as a free amino acid within cells. '''It is structurally analogous to GABA''' (gamma-aminobutyric acid), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.<ref>Jacobsen, J. G., & Smith, L. H. (1968). Biochemistry and physiology of taurine and taurine derivatives. Physiological reviews, 48(2), 424-511.</ref> Taurine is the end product of the oxidation of hypotaurine.<ref>Mizota, T., Hishiki, T., Shinoda, M., Naito, Y., Hirukawa, K., Masugi, Y., ... & Kitagawa, Y. (2022). The hypotaurine-taurine pathway as an antioxidative mechanism in patients with acute liver failure. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 70(1), 54–63. PMID: 35068682 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8764102/ PMC8764102] DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.21-50 </ref>

== Age- and disease-related deficiency ==
Healthy elderly patients ages 61 to 81 have up to a 49% decrease in plasma taurine concentration compared with healthy individuals ages 27 to 57.<ref name="Singh" /><ref>Adachi, Y., Ono, N., Imaizumi, A., Muramatsu, T., Andou, T., Shimodaira, Y., ... & Nukada, H. (2018). Plasma amino acid profile in severely frail elderly patients in Japan. International Journal of Gerontology, 12(4), 290-293.</ref> Investigation of the effects of long-term administration of taurine at low doses on aging in rodents suggest that taurine could attenuate the age-related decline in O<sub>2</sub> consumption and skeletal muscle spontaneous locomotor activity via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), cytochrome c (Cycs), myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A), glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), and myoglobin, which are regulated by the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK),<ref>Ma, Y., Maruta, H., Sun, B., Wang, C., Isono, C., & Yamashita, H. (2021). Effects of long-term taurine supplementation on age-related changes in skeletal muscle function of Sprague–Dawley rats. Amino Acids, 53, 159-170. PMID: 33398526 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02934-0</ref> and via the interaction with the taurine transporter to stimulate phospholipase C (PLC) to increase the calcium influx in the cells and thereby activate AMPK.<ref>Sun, B., Maruta, H., Ma, Y., & Yamashita, H. (2023). Taurine Stimulates AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Modulates the Skeletal Muscle Functions in Rats via the Induction of Intracellular Calcium Influx. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 4125. PMID: 36835534 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9962205/ PMC9962205] DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044125</ref><ref name="Cardio" >Santulli, G., Kansakar, U., Varzideh, F., Mone, P., Jankauskas, S. S., & Lombardi, A. (2023). Functional Role of Taurine in Aging and Cardiovascular Health: An Updated Overview. Nutrients, 15(19), 4236. PMID: 37836520 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10574552/ PMC10574552] DOI: 10.3390/nu15194236</ref> However, it is assumed that an adequately powered randomized-controlled-trial (RCT) is needed to confirm whether taurine can meaningfully improve metabolic and microbiome health, and biological age. This trial should incorporate certain elements in order to provide the much-needed evidence to guide doctors, and also the community at large, to determine whether this promising and inexpensive amino acid is useful in improving human metabolic health.<ref>Ho, K. M., Lee, A., Wu, W., Chan, M. T., Ling, L., Lipman, J., ... & Wong, M. (2023). Flattening the biological age curve by improving metabolic health: to taurine or not to taurine, that’s the question. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology: JGC, 20(11), 813. PMID: 38098466 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10716614/ PMC10716614] DOI: 10.26599/1671-5411.2023.11.004</ref>

==References==
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