CASIN

From Longevity Wiki
CASIN (Cdc42 activity-specific inhibitor)
IUPAC name 2-[(2,3,4,9-Tetrahydro-6-phenyl-1H-carbazol-1-yl)amino]ethanol
Molecular weight 306.4 g/mol
CAS number 425399-05-9
Chemical formula C20H22N2O

CASIN (Cdc42 Activity-Specific INhibitor), also known as pyrlindole-related compound 2,[1] is a compound that selectively inhibits the activity of Cdc42, a Rho GTPase protein involved in the regulation of several cellular functions such as cell cycle, cell migration, cell morphology and endocytosis.[2]

During aging, expression and activity of Cdc42 in blood cells are associated with older adults and cardiovascular disease.[3] Cdc42 can be used as a strong predictor of survival, and higher levels of Cdc42 have been associated with an increased risk of mortality.[4] By inhibiting Cdc42, CASIN has shown able to rejuvenate aged hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vitro and to reverse age-related phenotypes of HSCs in vivo.[5][6][7][8]

Mechanism of action

CASIN binds to Cdc42-GDP with high affinity and inhibits the catalysed dissociation of GDP, decreasing Cdc42's activity.[9] Cdc42 regulates actin organization, cell adhesion and cell movement and is essential for the retention of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the niche. However, increased mobilisation of HSCs from the bone marrow to peripheral blood might be beneficial for rejuvenation and aid in the treatment of blood diseases.[10]

The mechanism of action of CASIN is related to the fact that by disrupting the exchange of guanine nucleotides necessary for the activation of Cdc42, CASIN suppresses the ability of Cdc42 to inhibit actin assembly and, as a result, prevents the cell membrane from wrinkling into actin-rich folds.[1]

It has been found that due to changes in the levels of Cdc42 activity during aging, the volume and shape of the cell nucleus, as well as the localization of chromosome 11, can change. Reducing the age-associated increase of Cdc42 activity with CASIN can restore these age-related changes and rejuvenate the function of chronologically old hematopoietic stem cells.[11]

Studies on health and lifespan

CASIN may in the future be used for the collection and transplantation of blood stem cells, since it promotes the release of functional hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood at its doses that do not show toxicity nor affect the multilinear differentiation of blood cells.[10] Since CASIN is able to prevent allergic airway inflammation, it might also be useful in the prevention and treatment of asthma.[12]

Transplantation experiments of old-derived HSCs treated with CASIN have shown to functionally reverse to the function of young-derived HSCs, and can reduce or even reversing aging-associated immune dysfunction in older animals.[5][6]

Moreover, aged human HSCs treated with CASIN ex vivo showed an engraftment profile similar to that observed in CASIN-treated mouse HSCs, suggesting it might be possible to similarly attenuate aging in human HSCs.[13] However, it should be kept in mind that the function of ex vivo rejuvenated HSCs with CASIN in the case of transplantation to old recipients is limited by the old niche, at least partially due to the low level of the cytokine osteopontin in the old niches.[14]

Treatment of old (75-week-old) female mice with CASIN for 4 consecutive days increased their mean lifespan by 10%.[8] In the same study, elderly animals treated with CASIN showed a decrease in biological age as observed by their blood cells epigenetic clock.[8]

Other studies have showed that treatment with CASIN can improve the regeneration of intestinal epithelium, by inhibiting the age-associated Cdc42 activity in intestinal crypts. [15] CASIN treatment of old hair follicle stem cells can also suppress canonical Wnt signaling in hair follicles and lead to hair follicle stem cell rejuvenation.[16]

After a short systemic treatment with CASIN, transplanting aged hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from treated mice is sufficient to extend the healthspan and lifespan of aged immunocompromised mice without additional treatment. CASIN treatment improves strength and endurance of aged mice by increasing the myogenic regenerative potential of aged skeletal muscle stem cells. Furthermore, CASIN modifies niche localization and H4K16ac polarity of HSCs in vivo.[17]

Side effects of CASIN

Although pharmacological reduction of Cdc42 activity by CASIN can improve the regeneration of aged intestinal epithelium, in particular in vivo crypt regeneration in aged mice,[15] the prolonged inhibition of Cdc42 reduced colonic Lgr5+ intestinal epithelial stem cell regeneration and thus inhibited intestinal epithelial cell repair, leading to advanced mucosal inflammation (inflammatory bowel diseases), which could result in intestinal neoplasia.[18][19] CASIN may also cause autoimmunity, mimicking regulatory T (Treg) cell-specific homozygous loss of Cdc42.[20]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Peterson, J. R., Lebensohn, A. M., Pelish, H. E., & Kirschner, M. W. (2006). Biochemical suppression of small-molecule inhibitors: a strategy to identify inhibitor targets and signaling pathway components. Chemistry & biology, 13(4), 443-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.02.009 PMC1820768
  2. ↑ Umbayev, B., Yermekova, A., Nessipbekova, A., Syzdykova, A., & Askarova, S. (2023). Role of a small GTPase Cdc42 in aging and age-related diseases. Biogerontology, 1-20. PMID:36598630 DOI:10.1007/s10522-022-10008-9
  3. ↑ Florian, M. C., Klenk, J., Marka, G., Soller, K., Kiryakos, H., Peter, R., ... & Geiger, H. (2017). Expression and activity of the small RhoGTPase Cdc42 in blood cells of older adults are associated with age and cardiovascular disease. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences, 72(9), 1196-1200. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glx091
  4. ↑ Kerber, R. A., O’Brien, E., & Cawthon, R. M. (2009). Gene expression profiles associated with aging and mortality in humans. Aging Cell, 8(3), 239-250. PMC2759984 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00467.x
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Florian, M. C., Dörr, K., Niebel, A., Daria, D., Schrezenmeier, H., Rojewski, M., ... & Zheng, Y. (2012). Cdc42 activity regulates hematopoietic stem cell aging and rejuvenation. Cell stem cell, 10(5), 520-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2012.04.007 PMC3348626
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Leins, H., Mulaw, M., Eiwen, K., Sakk, V., Liang, Y., Denkinger, M., ... & Schirmbeck, R. (2018). Aged murine hematopoietic stem cells drive aging-associated immune remodeling. Blood, 132(6), 565-576. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-02-831065 PMC6137572
  7. ↑ Pawelec, G. P. (2018). CASIN the joint: immune aging at the stem cell level. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 132(6), 553-554. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-06-858696
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Florian, M. C., Leins, H., Gobs, M., Han, Y., Marka, G., Soller, K., ... & Zhao, X. (2020). Inhibition of Cdc42 activity extends lifespan and decreases circulating inflammatory cytokines in aged female C57BL/6 mice. Aging cell, 19(9), e13208. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13208
  9. ↑ Murphy, Natasha P., et al. “Progress in the Therapeutic Inhibition of cdc42 Signalling.” Biochemical Society Transactions, vol. 49, no. 3, 2021, pp. 1443–1456., https://doi.org/10.1042/bst20210112.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Liu, W., Du, W., Shang, X., Wang, L., Evelyn, C., Florian, M. C., ... & Meller, J. (2019). Rational identification of a Cdc42 inhibitor presents a new regimen for long-term hematopoietic stem cell mobilization. Leukemia, 33(3), 749-761. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-018-0251-5 PMC6414073
  11. ↑ Grigoryan, A., Guidi, N., Senger, K., Liehr, T., Soller, K., Marka, G., ... & Lipka, D. B. (2018). LaminA/C regulates epigenetic and chromatin architecture changes upon aging of hematopoietic stem cells. Genome biology, 19(1), 189. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-018-1557-3 PMC6223039
  12. ↑ Yang, J. Q., Kalim, K. W., Li, Y., Duan, X., Nguyen, P., Khurana Hershey, G. K., ... & Guo, F. (2019). Rational targeting Cdc42 restrains Th2 cell differentiation and prevents allergic airway inflammation. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 49(1), 92-107.https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13293
  13. ↑ Amoah, A., Keller, A., Emini, R., Hoenicka, M., Liebold, A., Vollmer, A., ... & Geiger, H. (2021). Aging of human hematopoietic stem cells is linked to changes in Cdc42 activity. Haematologica.https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2020.269670
  14. ↑ Guidi, N., Marka, G., Sakk, V., Zheng, Y., Florian, M. C., & Geiger, H. (2021). An aged bone marrow niche restrains rejuvenated hematopoietic stem cells. STEM CELLS. https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.3372
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Nalapareddy, K., Hassan, A., Sampson, L., Zheng, Y., & Geiger, H. (2021). Suppression of elevated Cdc42 activity promotes the regenerative potential of aged intestinal stem cells. iScience, 102362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102362
  16. ↑ Tiwari, R. L., Mishra, P., Martin, N., George, N. O., Sakk, V., Soller, K., ... & Geiger, H. (2021). A Wnt5a-Cdc42 axis controls aging and rejuvenation of hair-follicle stem cells. Aging (Albany NY), 13(4), 4778-4793https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.202694
  17. ↑ Montserrat-Vazquez, S., Ali, N.J., Matteini, F. et al. (2022). Transplanting rejuvenated blood stem cells extends lifespan of aged immunocompromised mice. npj Regen Med 7, 78 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41536-022-00275-y
  18. ↑ Zhang, D., Tang, W., Niu, H., Tse, W., Ruan, H. B., Dolznig, H., ... & Han, X. (2023). Monogenic deficiency in murine intestinal Cdc42 leads to mucosal inflammation that induces crypt dysplasia. Genes & Diseases. Doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.11.024
  19. ↑ Sakamori, R., Das, S., Yu, S., Feng, S., Stypulkowski, E., Guan, Y., ... & Gao, N. (2012). Cdc42 and Rab8a are critical for intestinal stem cell division, survival, and differentiation in mice. The Journal of clinical investigation, 122(3), 1052-1065. PMID:22354172 PMC3287229 DOI: 10.1172/JCI60282
  20. ↑ Kalim, K. W., Yang, J. Q., Wunderlich, M., Modur, V., Nguyen, P., Li, Y., ... & Guo, F. (2021). Targeting of Cdc42 GTPase in regulatory T cells unleashes anti-tumor T cell immunity. J Immunother Cancer, 10(11), e004806. PMID: 36427906 PMC9703354 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004806
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