Causes of death by rate

Life conveyor. Alas, no one has yet been able to live longer than the maximum species life span allotted to a person. Although people die mainly from diseases of old age at the heart of these diseases, in their etiology the main reason is that the renewal processes of the body stop due to the fact that the ontogeny program has been completed. Different subroutines of ontogeny stop at different times. So, for example, the program for the synthesis of crystalline lens proteins - crystallins is completed even during intrauterine development (the crystallins need to remain intact and soluble throughout the human lifespan in order to facilitate a transparent eye lens with sufficient refractive power^[1]). Programs for regeneration of the heart muscle^[2] and synthesis of elastin^[3] stop in the first weeks of the postnatal period. Hair color maintenance programs stop after 50-60 years.^[4]

Life expectancy at age 65. According to the United Nations, the proportion of people aged over 65 now outnumber children younger than 5. The enormous growth in the elderly population is posing a socioeconomic challenge to societies worldwide, and necessitates new sweeping interventions for age-associated diseases.

Top 2 leading causes of death in the U.S. (total number of deaths), by age, January - September 2022

Leading causes of death are always ranked in relationship to one another. This means the rank of a specific cause may change even if its mortality rate has not changed. On the other hand, the ranking can remain the same even if its mortality rate increases or decreases.

Aging as an etiological cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD)^[5]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide, and their incidence continues to increase as a result of changes in lifestyle and the increase in average lifespan. Previous studies reported that in Europe alone around 4 million people die of CVD every year, accounting for 44% of all deaths.^[6]^[7] Heart disease has remained the leading cause of death at the global level for the last 20 years. However, it is now killing more people than ever before. The number of deaths from heart disease increased by more than 2 million since 2000, to nearly 9 million in 2019. Men are more likely than women to die from heart disease.

References

↑ Quinlan, R. A., & Clark, J. I. (2022). Insights into the biochemical and biophysical mechanisms mediating the longevity of the transparent optics of the eye lens. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 102537. PMID: 36174677 PMC9638808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102537
↑ Li, Z., Yao, F., Yu, P., Li, D., Zhang, M., Mao, L., ... & Zhou, B. (2022). Postnatal state transition of cardiomyocyte as a primary step in heart maturation. Protein & Cell, 13(11), 842. PMID: 35394262 PMC9237199 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-022-00908-4
↑ Tembely, D., Henry, A., Vanalderwiert, L., Toussaint, K., Bennasroune, A., Blaise, S., ... & Maurice, P. (2022). The Elastin Receptor Complex: An Emerging Therapeutic Target against Age-Related Vascular Diseases. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 13. PMID: 35222273 PMC8873114 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.815356
↑ Li, K. N., & Tumbar, T. (2021). Hair follicle stem cells as a skin‐organizing signaling center during adult homeostasis. The EMBO Journal, 40(11), e107135. PMID: 33880808 PMCID: PMC8167365 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107135
↑ Murray, K. O., Mahoney, S. A., Venkatasubramanian, R., Seals, D. R., & Clayton, Z. S. (2023). Aging, aerobic exercise, and cardiovascular health: Barriers, alternative strategies and future directions. Experimental gerontology, 173, 112105.PMID: 36731386 PMC:10068966 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112105
↑ Townsend, N., Kazakiewicz, D., Lucy Wright, F., Timmis, A., Huculeci, R., Torbica, A., ... & Vardas, P. (2022). Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in Europe. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 19(2), 133-143. PMID: 34497402 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00607-3
↑ Emmons-Bell, S., Johnson, C., & Roth, G. (2022). Prevalence, incidence and survival of heart failure: A systematic review. Heart, 108(17), 1351-1360. PMID: 35042750 PMCID: PMC9380485 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2021-320131

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[1] Quinlan, R. A., & Clark, J. I. (2022). Insights into the biochemical and biophysical mechanisms mediating the longevity of the transparent optics of the eye lens. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 102537. PMID: 36174677 PMC9638808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102537

[2] Li, Z., Yao, F., Yu, P., Li, D., Zhang, M., Mao, L., ... & Zhou, B. (2022). Postnatal state transition of cardiomyocyte as a primary step in heart maturation. Protein & Cell, 13(11), 842. PMID: 35394262 PMC9237199 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-022-00908-4

[3] Tembely, D., Henry, A., Vanalderwiert, L., Toussaint, K., Bennasroune, A., Blaise, S., ... & Maurice, P. (2022). The Elastin Receptor Complex: An Emerging Therapeutic Target against Age-Related Vascular Diseases. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 13. PMID: 35222273 PMC8873114 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.815356

[4] Li, K. N., & Tumbar, T. (2021). Hair follicle stem cells as a skin‐organizing signaling center during adult homeostasis. The EMBO Journal, 40(11), e107135. PMID: 33880808 PMCID: PMC8167365 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107135

[5] Murray, K. O., Mahoney, S. A., Venkatasubramanian, R., Seals, D. R., & Clayton, Z. S. (2023). Aging, aerobic exercise, and cardiovascular health: Barriers, alternative strategies and future directions. Experimental gerontology, 173, 112105.PMID: 36731386 PMC:10068966 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112105

[6] Townsend, N., Kazakiewicz, D., Lucy Wright, F., Timmis, A., Huculeci, R., Torbica, A., ... & Vardas, P. (2022). Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in Europe. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 19(2), 133-143. PMID: 34497402 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00607-3

[7] Emmons-Bell, S., Johnson, C., & Roth, G. (2022). Prevalence, incidence and survival of heart failure: A systematic review. Heart, 108(17), 1351-1360. PMID: 35042750 PMCID: PMC9380485 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2021-320131

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