Pentadecanoic Acid (C15: 0)

Molar mass 242.403 g·mol⁻¹
Pentadecanoic Acid (C15: 0) C₁₅H₃₀O₂

CASNo = 1002-84-2
PubChem = 13849

Pentadecanoic Acid (C15: 0), also known as pentadecylic acid, is a fatty acid, like omega-3 and omega-6, but unlike them, pentadecanoic acid (C15: 0) has no double bonds in its main chain, making it a resilient molecule that is resistant to oxidation.^[1]^[2] Pentadecylic acid occurs in hydrogenated mutton fat, ruminant meat, some types of fish, milk fat from cows and some plants.^[3]^[4]

In 2005, Hulbert^[5] proposed the membrane pacemaker theory of aging. This theory emphasizes that the fatty acid composition of membranes is a critical factor in lipid peroxidation and consequently in the rate of aging and determination of lifespan. Indeed, it has been suggested that the specific acyl composition of membranes works as a timer to determinate longevity in different species. Long-lived animals have a low degree of fatty acid unsaturation in cell membranes due to decreases in PUFAs and higher levels of less unsaturated fatty acids,^[5] changes that make them more resistant to lipid peroxidation in vivo.^[6]^[7]

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References

↑ Venn-Watson, S. K., & Butterworth, C. N. (2022). Broader and safer clinically-relevant activities of pentadecanoic acid compared to omega-3: Evaluation of an emerging essential fatty acid across twelve primary human cell-based disease systems. PloS one, 17(5), e0268778. PMID: 35617322 PMC9135213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268778
↑ Venn-Watson, S., & Schork, N. J. (2023). Pentadecanoic Acid (C15: 0), an Essential Fatty Acid, Shares Clinically Relevant Cell-Based Activities with Leading Longevity-Enhancing Compounds. Nutrients, 15(21), 4607. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214607
↑ Venn-Watson, S., Lumpkin, R., & Dennis, E. A. (2020). Efficacy of dietary odd-chain saturated fatty acid pentadecanoic acid parallels broad associated health benefits in humans: could it be essential?. Scientific reports, 10(1), 8161. PMID: 32424181 PMC7235264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64960-y
↑ Jenkins, B., West, J. A., & Koulman, A. (2015). A review of odd-chain fatty acid metabolism and the role of pentadecanoic acid (C15: 0) and heptadecanoic acid (C17: 0) in health and disease. Molecules, 20(2), 2425-2444. PMID: 25647578 PMC6272531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022425
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Hulbert, A. J. , Pamplona, R. , Buffenstein, R. , & Buttemer, W. A. (2007). Life and death: Metabolic rate, membrane composition, and life span of animals. Physiological Reviews, 87, 1175–1213. PMID: 17928583 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2006
↑ Pamplona, R., & Barja, G. (2007). Highly resistant macromolecular components and low rate of generation of endogenous damage: two key traits of longevity. Ageing research reviews, 6(3), 189-210. PMID: 17702671 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2007.06.002
↑ Martín, M. G., & Dotti, C. G. (2022). Plasma membrane and brain dysfunction of the old: Do we age from our membranes?. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 10, 1031007. PMID: 36274849 PMC9582647 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1031007
↑ Venn-Watson SK, Butterworth CN (2022) Broader and safer clinically-relevant activities of pentadecanoic acid compared to omega-3: Evaluation of an emerging essential fatty acid across twelve primary human cell-based disease systems. PLoS ONE 17(5): e0268778. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268778

[resistant-1] Venn-Watson, S. K., & Butterworth, C. N. (2022). Broader and safer clinically-relevant activities of pentadecanoic acid compared to omega-3: Evaluation of an emerging essential fatty acid across twelve primary human cell-based disease systems. PloS one, 17(5), e0268778. PMID: 35617322 PMC9135213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268778

[Leading-2] Venn-Watson, S., & Schork, N. J. (2023). Pentadecanoic Acid (C15: 0), an Essential Fatty Acid, Shares Clinically Relevant Cell-Based Activities with Leading Longevity-Enhancing Compounds. Nutrients, 15(21), 4607. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214607

[dietary-3] Venn-Watson, S., Lumpkin, R., & Dennis, E. A. (2020). Efficacy of dietary odd-chain saturated fatty acid pentadecanoic acid parallels broad associated health benefits in humans: could it be essential?. Scientific reports, 10(1), 8161. PMID: 32424181 PMC7235264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64960-y

[4] Jenkins, B., West, J. A., & Koulman, A. (2015). A review of odd-chain fatty acid metabolism and the role of pentadecanoic acid (C15: 0) and heptadecanoic acid (C17: 0) in health and disease. Molecules, 20(2), 2425-2444. PMID: 25647578 PMC6272531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022425

[Hulbert-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Hulbert, A. J. , Pamplona, R. , Buffenstein, R. , & Buttemer, W. A. (2007). Life and death: Metabolic rate, membrane composition, and life span of animals. Physiological Reviews, 87, 1175–1213. PMID: 17928583 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2006

[6] Pamplona, R., & Barja, G. (2007). Highly resistant macromolecular components and low rate of generation of endogenous damage: two key traits of longevity. Ageing research reviews, 6(3), 189-210. PMID: 17702671 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2007.06.002

[7] Martín, M. G., & Dotti, C. G. (2022). Plasma membrane and brain dysfunction of the old: Do we age from our membranes?. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 10, 1031007. PMID: 36274849 PMC9582647 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1031007

[8] Venn-Watson SK, Butterworth CN (2022) Broader and safer clinically-relevant activities of pentadecanoic acid compared to omega-3: Evaluation of an emerging essential fatty acid across twelve primary human cell-based disease systems. PLoS ONE 17(5): e0268778. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268778

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